Huck Finn

Through Huck’s many adventures, his sense of morality plays a large role in the decisions he makes as well as the relationships he builds with others. Huck’s decisions and actions have the ability to change the lives of those around him; his sense of morality influences his choices, thus leading him to many difficult situations with others. By the time that Huck decides that he is going to follow his heart and save Jim instead of turning him in, his moral development is at an increase, as opposed to his morality in the beginning of the novel.Though his intentions for saving Jim are not completely genuine, he makes the upstanding decision to save Jim and exemplifies his change of heart. Huck displays his nonconformity to the society around him by considering Jim as a friend and not as an insignificant slave. After Huck has found Jim imprisoned at the Phelps’s farm and has encountered Tom, Huck changes in his morality, causing him to make wrong and right decisions that affect lives around him.From when Huck decides to follow his heart and save Jim, the basis of Huck’s moral development grows, but under many circumstances Huck succumbs to Tom’s naivety and unethical choices, thus hindering the progression of his moral growth. The basis of Huck’s morality is developing, but under Tom’s influence Huck slowly loses his grasp on morality and submits to many of Huck’s wrongful ideas. Huck at times shows his morality by making the â€Å"right† decisions in many circumstances, but when following Tom in Tom’s plans, Huck caves into Tom’s devious, immoral, adventure seeking ideas that causes trouble for the Phelps as well as himself.Huck possesses a desire to follow his heart to help Jim as he leaves for Silas Phelps’ farm, and the basis of that wish to be moral persists and influences a few of his actions in dealing with the Phelps: â€Å"Laws knows I wanted to go, bad enough, to see abou t Tom, and all was intending to go, but after that, I wouldn’t a went, not for kingdoms† (350). Huck’s basis of morality still exists even through Tom’s influence. Huck chooses the right decision to stay and keep Aunt Sally from becoming even more sorrowful.Though he knows that Tom is waiting for him, Huck stays not for the benefit of himself, but for Aunt Sally, because he sympathizes for her. Huck’s moral development progresses when not in the presence of Tom’s manipulative words, but when he is around Tom’s influence, Huck gives into falling under the impression of Tom’s ideals and ridiculous, immoral schemes. Huck considers Tom an authoritative, knowledgeable figure and follows Tom in many of Tom’s unreasonable, unethical acts regardless of the negative circumstances Huck knows will undergo: â€Å"’Now you’re talking! I says; ‘Your head gets leveler and leveler all the time, Tom Sawyer,’ I says. ‘Picks is the thing, moral or no moral; and as for me, I don’t care shucks for the morality of it nohow† (307). Tom finds it very important that they make Jim’s escape from bondage an adventure, hence Tom and Huck must steal, life, and cheat to make their somewhat simple situation adventuresome. Huck steals the Phelps’s family’s picks, and disregards the fact that what he is doing is immoral because he is lost in the desire to free Jim out with Tom.Huck relishes in the fact that Tom is helping him and putts of his morality for adventure. Huck acknowledges the fact that stealing the picks is immoral and wrong, but is so caught up with working with Tom that he gives up on morality. Tom’s negative influence over Huck succeeds him to the end of the novel, in which Huck completely loses his sense of moral development. By the end of the novel, after Jim has been emancipated and Huck and Tom are both out of trouble, Huck’s outlook on morality changes and his moral development completely regresses and plans to regress in his subsequent journey.Having been exposed to the influences of Tom and after realizing that after the trouble they cause, that everything results in a trouble free situation with no negative circumstances, Huck feels as if his immorality is acceptable. Jim endures much unnecessary trouble to be released from imprisonment just because of Tom’s whimsical wants and desires; Jim is treated by Huck and Tom as if his life is a trivial game that is intended for their enjoyment.Jim is not treated as a real human being, but is treated as if he were a lesser person, yet Huck is content with how everything turns out: â€Å"But I reckoned it was about as well the way it was† (360). Tom and Huck’s actions and motives to release Jim from imprisonment are completely immoral, but the fact that everything turns out satisfactory, Huck overlooks the importance of morality. Huck loses all r espect for Jim as a human being, and almost considers Jim a slave again and not as a friend.Tom degrades Jim by giving him forty dollars, the same price in which Jim was sold for, in exchange for Jim’s cooperation in Tom’s fun and games; Huck gives Tom silent approval, and doesn’t object to Tom’s act of immorality. Emerson said that a great man keeps his independence and own opinions, and doesn’t conform to the ways of society. Throughout the novel, Huck has shown much self-reliance and assertiveness in his own opinions and values. By the end of the novel, Huck is not the great man that Emerson describes.Though Huck can stand strong on his ideas and desires independently, he conforms to the ideals of society, Tom, by the end of the novel. Before Huck encounters Tom on the Phelps’s farm, he sticks true to his beliefs and his heart’s desires, yet after spending a great deal of time with Tom, he loses his values and his morals under the influence of Tom. Thus Huck is unable to not conform to those around him, therefore unable to be a â€Å"great man† in the eyes of Emerson. Huck Finn Through Huck’s many adventures, his sense of morality plays a large role in the decisions he makes as well as the relationships he builds with others. Huck’s decisions and actions have the ability to change the lives of those around him; his sense of morality influences his choices, thus leading him to many difficult situations with others. By the time that Huck decides that he is going to follow his heart and save Jim instead of turning him in, his moral development is at an increase, as opposed to his morality in the beginning of the novel.Though his intentions for saving Jim are not completely genuine, he makes the upstanding decision to save Jim and exemplifies his change of heart. Huck displays his nonconformity to the society around him by considering Jim as a friend and not as an insignificant slave. After Huck has found Jim imprisoned at the Phelps’s farm and has encountered Tom, Huck changes in his morality, causing him to make wrong and right decisions that affect lives around him.From when Huck decides to follow his heart and save Jim, the basis of Huck’s moral development grows, but under many circumstances Huck succumbs to Tom’s naivety and unethical choices, thus hindering the progression of his moral growth. The basis of Huck’s morality is developing, but under Tom’s influence Huck slowly loses his grasp on morality and submits to many of Huck’s wrongful ideas. Huck at times shows his morality by making the â€Å"right† decisions in many circumstances, but when following Tom in Tom’s plans, Huck caves into Tom’s devious, immoral, adventure seeking ideas that causes trouble for the Phelps as well as himself.Huck possesses a desire to follow his heart to help Jim as he leaves for Silas Phelps’ farm, and the basis of that wish to be moral persists and influences a few of his actions in dealing with the Phelps: â€Å"Laws knows I wanted to go, bad enough, to see abou t Tom, and all was intending to go, but after that, I wouldn’t a went, not for kingdoms† (350). Huck’s basis of morality still exists even through Tom’s influence. Huck chooses the right decision to stay and keep Aunt Sally from becoming even more sorrowful.Though he knows that Tom is waiting for him, Huck stays not for the benefit of himself, but for Aunt Sally, because he sympathizes for her. Huck’s moral development progresses when not in the presence of Tom’s manipulative words, but when he is around Tom’s influence, Huck gives into falling under the impression of Tom’s ideals and ridiculous, immoral schemes. Huck considers Tom an authoritative, knowledgeable figure and follows Tom in many of Tom’s unreasonable, unethical acts regardless of the negative circumstances Huck knows will undergo: â€Å"’Now you’re talking! I says; ‘Your head gets leveler and leveler all the time, Tom Sawyer,’ I says. ‘Picks is the thing, moral or no moral; and as for me, I don’t care shucks for the morality of it nohow† (307). Tom finds it very important that they make Jim’s escape from bondage an adventure, hence Tom and Huck must steal, life, and cheat to make their somewhat simple situation adventuresome. Huck steals the Phelps’s family’s picks, and disregards the fact that what he is doing is immoral because he is lost in the desire to free Jim out with Tom.Huck relishes in the fact that Tom is helping him and putts of his morality for adventure. Huck acknowledges the fact that stealing the picks is immoral and wrong, but is so caught up with working with Tom that he gives up on morality. Tom’s negative influence over Huck succeeds him to the end of the novel, in which Huck completely loses his sense of moral development. By the end of the novel, after Jim has been emancipated and Huck and Tom are both out of trouble, Huck’s outlook on morality changes and his moral development completely regresses and plans to regress in his subsequent journey.Having been exposed to the influences of Tom and after realizing that after the trouble they cause, that everything results in a trouble free situation with no negative circumstances, Huck feels as if his immorality is acceptable. Jim endures much unnecessary trouble to be released from imprisonment just because of Tom’s whimsical wants and desires; Jim is treated by Huck and Tom as if his life is a trivial game that is intended for their enjoyment.Jim is not treated as a real human being, but is treated as if he were a lesser person, yet Huck is content with how everything turns out: â€Å"But I reckoned it was about as well the way it was† (360). Tom and Huck’s actions and motives to release Jim from imprisonment are completely immoral, but the fact that everything turns out satisfactory, Huck overlooks the importance of morality. Huck loses all r espect for Jim as a human being, and almost considers Jim a slave again and not as a friend.Tom degrades Jim by giving him forty dollars, the same price in which Jim was sold for, in exchange for Jim’s cooperation in Tom’s fun and games; Huck gives Tom silent approval, and doesn’t object to Tom’s act of immorality. Emerson said that a great man keeps his independence and own opinions, and doesn’t conform to the ways of society. Throughout the novel, Huck has shown much self-reliance and assertiveness in his own opinions and values. By the end of the novel, Huck is not the great man that Emerson describes.Though Huck can stand strong on his ideas and desires independently, he conforms to the ideals of society, Tom, by the end of the novel. Before Huck encounters Tom on the Phelps’s farm, he sticks true to his beliefs and his heart’s desires, yet after spending a great deal of time with Tom, he loses his values and his morals under the influence of Tom. Thus Huck is unable to not conform to those around him, therefore unable to be a â€Å"great man† in the eyes of Emerson. Huck Finn Superstition and Religion in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain, superstition is used throughout the story. Mark Twain uses superstition to show the difference between an organized religion, such as Christianity, and believing in superstition. As Huckleberry Finn and Jim escape to freedom from civilized living and slavery, religion and superstition have a strong effect on them. As they go back and forth between the two faiths, the reader gets an idea of the system of beliefs that people followed living along the Mississippi River.Belief in the supernatural and superstition are the marks of many characters in the storyline. It is Jim and Huck’s shared belief in superstitions that originally draws them together. Jim and Huck explain things using superstition that they cannot otherwise explain. It is possible that the novel parodies religion by comparing it to superstition, since some characters take advantag e of both belief systems to influence and mislead. Most often, superstitions are used as an attempt to explain why bad things happen.When a character has something good happen, most likely religion takes credit for that positive outcome. When someone is punished, or something terrible happens, it is a lot more comforting to put the blame on superstition. Religion, as defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, is defined as â€Å"a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices† and â€Å"the service and worship of God or the supernatural: commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance† or â€Å"a cause, principal or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith†.Superstition, as defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, is defined as â€Å"a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or false conception of causation† and â€Å"an irrational abject attitude of mind toward the supernatural, nature, or God resulting from superstition†. Both notions are used throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , in some cases they do not seem to be equivalent to their particular definitions. The question that resides in the core of this novel is â€Å"How is superstition and religion used in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and what defines their meaning?Later on in chapter one, Huck is alone in his room watching a spider crawl up his shoulder. Huck flips the spider off and it falls into the candle, shriveling up and dying. Huck says, â€Å"I didn’t need anybody to tell me that that was an awful bad sin and would fetch me some bad luck, so I was scared and most shook the clothes off of me. I got up and turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast every time: and when I tied up a little lock of my hair with a thread to keep witches away. But I hadn’t no confidence. Huck shows us his supersti tions and his belief in them. These beliefs have been ingrained in him from his father, Pap. In chapter four, Huck turns over the salt-cellar at breakfast. When he goes to throw some of the salt over his left shoulder, Miss Watson stepped in and crossed him off. She tells him to take his hands away and to stop making a mess. The widow Douglas puts in a good word for Huck, but he feels that it will not be enough to ward off the bad luck. After the salt spilling, Huck was feeling worried and shaky and wondering what bad luck would befall him.Since he was unable to perform his ritual, (throwing the salt over his left shoulder) he felt he had to be on the lookout all day. It seems as though Huck’s views on superstition revolve around bad luck more so than good. Huck blames bad happenings on superstition, while good happenings are â€Å"natural† or have been earned in some way. Huck doesn’t trust religion to explain life’s negatives, so he uses his belief in t he supernatural. Huck finds tracks in the snow in chapter 4, a boot print with a cross in the left boot-heel made with big nails, to ward off the devil.He finds the footprints all around then and he follows them, before it struck him who they belonged to. Pap had been checking on Huck and was watching him. This is when the reader finds out that Jim isn’t the only source of Huck’s superstitions beliefs. Some of the superstitions that Huck follows have been passed on to him from his father. Huck uses superstition to justify and explain why some bad events happen. Take the situation with the rattlesnake, Huck thinks to himself, â€Å"We didn’t say a word for a good while. There warn’t anything to say.We both knowed well enough it was some more work of the rattlesnake-skin; so what was the use to talk about it? It would only look like we was finding fault, and that would be bound to fetch more bad luck – and keep on fetching it, too, till we knowed en ough to keep still. Both Jim and Huck continue to expect bad luck because of the rattlesnake skin that Huck touched. In chapter one, the Widow and Miss Watson try to teach Huck about religion. They try to teach him all about heaven and hell. They explain to him that the things you do on earth will decide where you go after death.Huck inevitably decides that since Tom wasn’t going to the good place, he didn’t care to go there either. Huck treats the philosophies of heaven and hell impartially and seems to be a bit immature about the whole idea. All Huck knows is that he does not want to be lonely and he wants to be with his friend, Tom Sawyer. In chapter two, Ben Rogers says that he could not get out much, only on Sundays so Tom Sawyer’s gang could begin then. Surprisingly, all the boys said that it would be wicked to do such a thing on Sunday, as it is a holy day.The interesting part of this logic is that the boys don’t care much about being in a gang, st ealing, or murdering, yet they care enough not to do it on a holy day. In Huck’s case, he seems to care more about the smaller issue of not starting a gang on a holy day, yet does not care much of bigger issues such as heaven and hell, or Noah and the Bulrushers. In chapter 3, Huck is sitting alone in the woods trying to figure out the logistics of religion. He wonders about prayer and how it works.He thinks to himself, â€Å"if a body can get anything they pray for, why don’t Deacon Winn get back the money he lost on pork? Why can’t the widow get back her snuffbox that was stole? Why can’t Miss Watson fat up? † After Miss Watson tells him that he must help people, do everything he could for others, and never think of himself, Huck decides that he does not see any advantage to living that way. He debates over every part of religion and does not accept it all just because it’s part of the whole. He chooses what he does and does not believe, a nd doesn’t look at it as all or nothing.Huck’s view on religion starts to evolve in chapter eighteen. He thinks to himself, â€Å"If you notice, most folks don’t go to church only when they’ve got to: but a hog is different. † Huck starts to realize that people just use religion when it’s good for them. He sees that people use religion to manipulate and get what they want. The Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons sit in church together. Mark Twain shows us how extraordinarily important religion in the South is during this era. The only time that the Grangerfords and Shepherdsons don’t fight is during their time at church.They view their religious gatherings as a common ground and their respect for religion is the only thing that quiets their feud. Huck is perplexed at how these two families can live in the Christian way by following the church and the bible; yet continue to kill each other. Huck sees the king use religion as a tool of de ception. While the king is pretending to be Harvey Wilks’, He tells the town about his congregation in England and how they were sweet on him and he must hurry and settle the estate right away and then leave for home.Again, Huck sees religion being used to manipulate and control people. Although Huck is bombarded with superstitious beliefs and religion, he chooses to go on his own path. He weighs each piece of information he gets and decides to take it all for what it is. Huck believes in different parts of each belief system. Though Huck feels that organized religion is stifling, he still clings to it in his times of despair and uses it as a comfort mechanism. When all is said and done, Huck searches for what is right in his heart and he considers all possibilities, and in the end chooses his own moral code. Huck Finn Daved Najarian American literature II 9:00am Huck, The Duke and Pinocchio One of the primary themes Mark Twain uses throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is that of deception. Twain uses many forms and styles of deception not only to illustrate varying degrees of it, but also to draw a distinction between morally permissible and morally corrupt lies. Twain introduces different forms of deception brought about by a myriad of catalysts. Throughout the book, Twain uses Huck, the Duke and the King to compare and contrast different forms of lying, and to illustrate how context plays a large role in the moral weight of a deception.By portraying each of these characters actions and reactions to their environment, Twain is able to explore the moral importance of familiar circumstances. Huck takes on a more innocent and playful approach to deception and only uses morally weighted lies as a means to protect. While the Duke plays with good intentions, too often the end goals of his dece ptions are for monetary gain. Finally the King is presented as possessing little redeeming quality and is by far the most morally corrupt of the characters. Huck seems to primarily formulate deceptions in two circumstances throughout the novel.The first of these is for an innocent, or even jestful reason, with little or no mal-intent. The second of these is the use of a deception in a more serious manner, but generally used only to preserve the wellbeing of Jim or himself. Unlike the more serious and character damaging lies of the King and the Duke, Huck’s deceptions are, for the most part, spur of the moment rather than premeditated. Towards the beginning of the adventure, Huck seems to deceive for relatively harmless reasons. When Huck goes ashore dressed as a girl to attain town gossip, he lies about who he is, but the moral implications of this lie are slight.He has no malicious motive in mind, and is â€Å"taking advantage† of the newcomers for information alone. In this scene, Huck is very nervous and un-savvy of his character, which leads to him being caught in his deception. Although Huck uses lavish deceptions he is still relatively novice at it, and for this reason his lies depend heavily on the intended victims perception and relationship to him. These sorts of lies seem to represent a sort of â€Å"game† to Huck and he is accordingly unaware of their effects on others. When Huck plays a trick on Jim these effects become apparent. â€Å"Well, this is too many for me, Jim.I hain't seen no fog, nor no islands, nor no troubles, nor nothing. † When Huck tricks Jim into thinking he dreamt up a whole night of troubles, he holds no ill intent. Like his â€Å"girl deception† this lie takes advantage of Jim for his own lighthearted enjoyment, and not for material benefit. Through this depiction, Twain illustrates that it is not just the content of a lie but the intended recipient that determines its moral severity. Once Huc k realizes the effects of this style of fib and the repercussions of tricking those close to him, he discontinues it for the rest of the novel.The second form of deception in Huck’s arsenal is a sort of â€Å"deception for preservation†. The first time Huck lies in this manner is to avoid a dangerous situation with Pap. When Pap awakes to find Huck sleeping with a gun, Huck is quick to fabricate a story about a potential intruder he was â€Å"laying for†. The purpose of this form of a lie is clearly self-preservation, and unlike Huck’s other form of deception, it is brought about by necessity and is spur the moment. Huck uses this level of deception throughout the adventure and therefore gains a mastery of it.Twain seems to suggest that Huck’s circumstances justify some of his lies and deception, playing with the notion of â€Å"necessary lies† Huck is in many ways â€Å"forced† into situations where a lie becomes necessary to preserv e a life. As Huck and Jim grow as friends Huck not only is unable to turn Jim in, but finds himself fabricating elaborate deceptions to keep him safe. In one scene in particular, Huck uses â€Å"reverse psychology† to trick men into believing he wants help on the raft when in fact he wants the opposite. â€Å"I will, sir, I will, honest – but don't leave us, please.It's the – the – Gentlemen, if you'll only pull ahead, and let me heave you the headline, you won't have to come a-near the raft – please do. † In this encounter, Huck is able to create the illusion that he is desperate for help; with a sub lie that those aboard the raft are ill with small pox. What is important to recognize here, is that this level of lie is to protect Jim (and himself) from the greed of slave hunters, not to gain additional benefit from them. Most of the deception created by Huck is simply to maintain the status quo.Huck and Jim do not wish to gain anything mate rial from others but simply want to be left alone. Unlike the King and Duke who look ashore to interact and take with deceit, Huck and Jim lie to distance themselves from those on shore. Twain compares and contrasts the King and the Duke from the moment of their arrival. â€Å"These liars warn't no kings nor dukes, at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. † Although Huck sees through the King and Duke’s lies right away, there is importance and foreshadowing in their first deception.The very fact that the King places himself higher than the Duke with an outlandish introduction, â€Å"Bilgewater, I am the late Dauphin! † foreshadows that the King is the worse of the two con men. Throughout the trip the Duke utilizes two forms of deception, the first of which focuses on the betterment of the group as a whole. This is illustrated by his attempts to make it easier for them to â€Å"run during the day† rather than the shadow of night. This lie involved the faking of Jim’s capture and deception of reward seeking in order to avoid the attention of others.Like Huck, this lie helps to protect the group but unlike Huck it involves premeditation and a change in the status quo. While Huck lies to protect Jim rather than for selfish intent, the Duke does not. The second form or level of deception the Duke emphasizes is the fabrication of legitimacy to his illegitimate forms of entertainment. In the end, these attempts are commendable but pathetic, â€Å"To be, or not to be; that is the bare bodkin that makes calamity of so long life†.Although many of the Dukes offerings (such as Shakespeare) tender some level of legitimacy, his back-story and quality of performance are shrouded with deception. What differentiates these lies from others is the emphasis on greed; as the end goal of the Duke’s deceptions often-involved monetary gain and taking from others. Twain paints the King as not only less intelligent than the Duke, bu t also more cruel. As the tale progresses the King’s lies and deception escalate from a moral grey area to out right. From the start, the Kings lies target the innocent, ignorant, and emotionally compromised.In contrast to the Duke, the King’s first performance takes advantage of the kind and empathetic attendees at a religious gathering. From this point on the King’s greed is insatiable, and his lust for money and material goods causes him to be irrational. The King gets so lie crazy at one point that he even lies about lying about who took the gold, saying that he took it, â€Å"‘Nough! – I OWN UP! † These deceptions finally peak during the Wilks’ impersonation when the King is unsatisfied with the $6,000 and wants to sell the girl’s properties.While many of the Duke’s stunts were simply to get by, the King lets his greed completely overwhelm his character. The intellectually superior Duke even looks to get out of the l ong con while they still can, but he is talked back in to it by the King and his greed. Twain uses this character to not only illustrate how, â€Å"One can become the company they keep,† (as all were dragged into the con), but that greed can turn most men to sin. The lies and deceptions portrayed in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn introduce ethical and moral issues that are relevant to the reader.Twain does an excellent job of utilizing context to explore the morality of deception. By exploring intent and the inner workings of Huck, the Duke and the King, Twain is able to illustrate how lies can be permissible or damning. The concept of â€Å"necessary lies† carries a great deal of weight when analyzing the morality of a deception, and Twain uses the ethical framework of Utilitarianism to justify this. For Twain is seems as though the morality of a lie is tied to the consequence of that lie, rather than the lie itself.Rather than making deception universally â€Å" wrong†, Twain leaves the door open for moral interpretation. Twain suggests, that by looking at the result of a lie and who is affected, one can determine the â€Å"rightness† or â€Å"wrongness† of that particular lie. The ethical framework of utilitarianism of course brings with it a slue of objections, however; in the context the novel it is intuitive. The most â€Å"morally corrupt lie† in the text negatively effects the largest number of people, whereas many of Huck’s lies positively effect Jim or himself and carry little negative effect to others.The King’s Wilks impersonation, along with others, affected not just those that survived the deceased but the entire town. These â€Å"large scale† deceptions clearly would be considered morally corrupt by Utilitarians; whereas many of Huck’s lies were small scale and produced the smallest ripples. Twain masterfully incorporates ethics into a realistic story, resulting in this mul ti-layered tale. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. pg. 122 [ 2 ]. pg. 166 [ 3 ]. pg. 165 [ 4 ]. 182 [ 5 ]. 276

Military Robotics Essay

A robot sniper is not subject to arm shake, fatigue, or any of the other human factors that throw off a rifleman’s aim, making each shot more accurate and less likely to hit someone other than the enemy. Pilotless drones are more likely to hit the target with better accuracy than bombs being dropped from a plane at 30,000 feet (Gyrnir). In the Army 53 percent of their casualties come with first contact with the enemy. Having a robot scouting ahead or flying above sending back pictures of the ground below to troops would reduce the casualties (Fogarty). Military robots can serve in place of human beings in explosive ordinance disposal (EOD), surveillance, and other dangerous situations. For example, when an EOD team was hunting for improvised explosive devices (IED), by the time the soldier was close enough to see the telltale wires from the bomb, it was too late. The IED erupted in a wave of flames. A soldier would have to be as far as 50 yards away to escape death and as far as half-mile away to escape injury from bomb fragments. Even if a person is not hit the pressure from the blast by itself can break bones. This soldier had been right on top of the bomb. As the flames and debris cleared, the rest of the team advanced. They found little remaining of their teammate. They loaded the remains onto a helicopter, which took them back to the team’s base near Baghdad International Airport. That night the team’s commander did his duty and wrote home about the incident. He apologized for his inability to change what had happened. He wrote, â€Å"at least when a robot dies, you don’t have to write a letter to its mother† (Singer). The â€Å"Soldier† was a 42-pound robot called a PackBot. The PackBot mounts all sorts of cameras and sensors, as well as an arm with four joints that extends over two meters to allow it to examine suspicious objects on EOD missions. If it weren’t for this robot to scout ahead the rest of the EOD team wouldn’t have survive the explosion (Singer). In conclusion, robotic technology is changing the future of warfare. Robots are used to save and protect, not harm innocent lives. The idea of robots replacing humans in the military is very unlikely. In order for a robot to do something it needs a human to program it and tell it what to do (Singer). Fully autonomous robots that may harm the wrong people presents ethical, legal, and command challenges determining who was responsible for the robot’s actions (the officer that put the robot into action and instructed it on its target or the company that manufactured the hardware) raises philosophical problems. Therefore, until these problems are resolved fully autonomous killing robots are unlikely (Gyrnir).

Summer Dreamscapes – Creative Writing

That particular morning, I woke early, earlier than my parents, which was quite unusual for summer. I had no idea this would be a small yet very important day in my life. I lied in bed a few moments, sun shining brightly through my metal framed windows, hitting my face, thinking of the beautiful day that waits. I quickly ascended from my queen bed, nearly tripping over the piles of clothes on my grayish-blue floor. I hurried to my bathroom rugs; the painted concrete floor under my feet was chilly, sending a slight layer of goose bumps up my arms. I came to virtually a sudden stop in the middle of my pink and green polka dot painted bathroom after a quick glance out the window. In the greenery out near the multicolored flower garden, sits a small brownish-grey cluster of fur. With a closer look, I could easily tell it is a squirrel. Like a statue, the miniature creature was absolutely tranquil. I stretched my arm up to lay my hand on the glass, still cold from the shadowy night. With a flick of the wrist, I tapped the window, quickly, but not too loud. In no more than a second the frightened tiny ball of fur came alive and quickly scurried up the Elm tree in the back yard, no longer in sight. After a silent laugh, I continued on my way. In the small bathroom, just right of the door sat my small porcelain sink with a wooden cabinet underneath. Out of excitement and no intent of going to sleep, I had already laid my clothes I had prepared to wear that day on the sink. I pulled on a white tank top, which still carried the relaxing smell of the lavender and vanilla detergent my mother loved to use. After sliding my clumsy feet into brown homely flip-flops, I hear my father calling my name. I flipped off the light switch, and hurried out the door. The anticipation only grew in the car ride to the lake as each leafy green tree and yellow line passed. I watched with exhilaration as the lake came into sight. I could easily see the majestic blue water and countless boats, which looked like white specks on the horizon, and I think to myself, â€Å"This is perfect. † I begin to smell the lake as we slowly drive forward on the narrow gravel road, rocks cracking below us, toward our favorite swimming area. This particular area was extremely special because it was surrounded by stunning bluffs, which I had never had the courage to leap from before. These beautiful, rough rock structures had all shades of brown and tan mixed together with visible horizontal lines from multiple years of rock formation. I opened the car door quickly, trying to grab as much as I could to take to the rough concrete picnic table. The table, situated nicely under a tree, appeared to have bright green moss growing on it, almost as if it had been under water at some point. The table had an astonishing view of the other side of the lake. From there I could see children wearing bright colored floaters and some playing in the sand. In my line if sight, was a small group of people tossing and bouncing around a red, yellow, blue and white beach ball and the sound of laughter in the distance. I start feeling an empty spot in my stomach as my dad prepared the grill. I could smell the charcoal starter mixed with the blackish briquettes as they caught flame. Looking at the lake from my seat, I could see the rainbow waves of heat from the grill, blurring my vision. I hear the burger patties sizzling and the smell of the beef cooking that brought back all the memories of summers before. I reach below my seat and open the lid of the cooler, plunging my hand into the icy water to grab a cold drink. As I pulled my hand out, I gave it a little shake to get the remainder of the melted ice water off. My mother handed me a plate and poured the little triangular nacho cheese potato chips to my plate, they are my favorites. She sat a bun she had taken from a bag on my plate and grabbed the deep-red tomato ketchup from the cooler and squirted in an â€Å"s† shape on the bun. Although I knew better, I ate in a hurry, even finishing a can of soda, so I could get in the water. I hurried to the top of the bluff for a quick peak from the very top. I could see nobody below me but the blue-green glass-like water waiting, calling my name. I had decided long before that soon I was going to brave this jump, and today is the day. Being the impatient person that I am, I tossed my tank top and flip-flops in the short green grass atop the bluff and walked to the edge for ‘just a look' for the last time. I could feel the hot gritty rock beneath my bare feet. I could feel the anxiousness in the pit of my stomach and the readiness in my mind. I peered over my left shoulder for one last glance at my parents, who were absolutely preoccupied at the time. Knowing I was ready, I wanted to think twice but didn't. I gathered all the fear inside myself and took one deep breath. I pushed away from the top of the bluff with all the strength in me. Time seemed to stop, and I remembered the children playing in the distance and the boats floating on the smooth water, although I couldn't have been in the air for more than a few seconds. I didn't make a sound except the splash when I hit the water, motionless until that instant. I could feel the cool water all over my body, the adrenaline pumping, my mind shocked at what I had just done. I plunged lower into the darkness as the bubbles I had brought down with me raced to the top. My lungs, empty, began to ache and I knew in a split second I needed to get to the surface for air. I caught my breath at the top of the water and knew I had accomplished one of my own goals and conquered my great fear of heights at the same time. We left the lake late in the evening, just as the sun began to set. I had hit a small, yet huge milestone in my life. I knew I could do anything, no matter how much fear I feel, if I just set my mind to it. I always think back to this important day when I feel frustrated and remember that I am only limited by what I limit myself. Driving away from the pinkish-purple sunset, I take one last look back and see the sun's ornamental reflection on the glassy water and realize what a wonderful experience this day has been. I have the memories of the exciting jump and the vivid picture of the colorful sunset forever in my mind.

Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diagnosis and Treatment Planning - Case Study Example He senses that his regular life moves like a clock incessantly but monotonously. He senses he is not a part of this success, and he cannot enjoy it openly. He senses that there is too much restriction in his life which sometimes is associated with meaninglessness. His diet is dictated by his wife, his movements are controlled by his wife, his attitudes to people are dictated by his professional ethics, and even criticisms directed to him remain unanswered. He is seriously facing the question if he is happy. He did not know the whereabouts of his closest friend, and despite his unofficial visits to the psychiatrist, he is not able to find the answer of an intriguing question "most married men have their habits", and the wife does not "allow to have" those habits. Although he poses the question in the name of a friend, this questions is his own, and it reflects his life and own thoughts. To summarize, he has a crisis in his life, where his pursuits for pleasurable things in life as a h uman being is compromised by his family life and professional life. He passes through the same ritual every day; half of the things he want to say remain unspoken; most of the cases he has to keep his thoughts private; and he feels noncommunicative, as if accepting whatever is given, and he feels "he is in a vat of rubber." II. History of problem The history of the problem is no clear, and the only hint is revealed in the movie in the form that he had tried to contact a psychiatrist several times on this issue, but in vain. He had never been able to communicate this problem clearly. As his practice has grown and with his financial growth, he had to be more dedicated to his profession, gradually drifting from the normal life of a man who is in pursuit of objects of little happiness in things like golf, movies, club, and things like that. He has no associations with people other than those in his clinic or in his household. He performs his daily rituals without a word or without any sign of distress. He does not interfere in the lives of his family members, yet when he located his friend on the road and while trying to help him out of his situation, he wanted to do his part as a friend, as a companion. One night when he came late, he was reprimanded by his wife that staying late at night outside house is not permissible. He is hurt with this, but decided to continue with his friend. This system had been so ingrained in him that when he got the news of his father deceased, he almost felt guilty. He wanted a strong foothold in his life, even if it would be associated with the friction of the chair, he did never desire extreme flexibility of a rubber where he would be taken for granted or would be molded in any way possible to other people's advantage. III. Clinical Observation There is relationship problem with his wife, and the relationship is stressful for him. This induces anxiety in him. This anxiety leads to conduct problem of noncommunicativeness and decrease in self-esteem and lack of assertiveness. Obviously this also leads to disturbance of emotion and affect. This is perhaps due to his discordant intrafamilial

Medicare Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medicare Fraud - Essay Example   As part of what federal officials are calling the â€Å"largest national Medicare fraud takedown in history,† they announced the apprehension of 16 Metro Detroit health care officials allegedly involved in fraud and kickback schemes totaling over $122 million.The arrests were part of a nationwide sweep that resulted in charges against 243 individuals, including 46 doctors, nurses and other license medical professionals, accused of bilking the government with $712 million in false billings. According to officials, the schemes involved medical services that were unnecessary or never rendered, including hospice and home health care plus the billing, but not dispersal, of drugs.Authorities said the owners of home health care and hospice companies in Metro Detroit, two of whom are physical therapists, allegedly paid kickbacks to doctors and recruiters for referring patients to them, then billed Medicare for unnecessary services.Federal officials said two physicians — Dr. Waseem Alam, 59, of Troy and Dr. Hatem Ataya, 47, of Flushing —solicited kickbacks and submitted false claims to Medicare through their company, Woodward Urgent Care, in Bloomfield Hills.The physicians who allegedly solicited and received kickback also submitted claims to Medicare for medically unnecessary physician services through their companies, identified as A Plus Hospice and Palliative Care, At Home Hospice and At Home Network, Inc., all of which are located in Livonia.

The Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Holocaust - Essay Example They argue that most countries by then never had the information of the kinds of atrocities that the Germans were putting the Europeans Jews through. This makes it quite complicated for one to have a pointing finger on any individual country as to their role in the holocaust. The American government and the Americans failed completely to assist the European Jews. Although the American government had the capacity and power to get directly involved in the holocaust, it remained silent and, as a result, many lives and properties were lost. It is also believed that America had a network of allies that it could have influenced in order to assist and halt the mass killings by the Nazis. When they got involved, it was either too late or too little or both to offer any substantial help. During this period of Holocaust, different countries had different views as whether to take part and assist the European Jews. By 1938, world major countries took part in order to rescue some the European Jew s. Different allies were also formed that sped up some rescue missions (Rosenfeld, 57). Theses allies were either directly involved in the war or they pressured the Nazis to end the mass killings. These allies also facilitated the massive movements of the European Jews to different countries for example Netherlands, The Great Britain, Scandinavia and Switzerland. During the war, the American government had put in policies to the major publishing paper then, New York Times that limited the nature and content of information that could be passed to the public. Consequently, the public was not aware of the kinds of killings that the European Jews went through. This also made it quite impossible for other government departments fully to initiate programs and rescue missions towards the Jews. American restrictions on migration; unlike European countries and the Great Britain that allowed migration of the Jews in their countries, the Americans developed a very restrictive

Europa's Subsurface Hydrothermal Vents, 'Super-Earth', Eccentricity of Essay

Europa's Subsurface Hydrothermal Vents, 'Super-Earth', Eccentricity of Saturn etc, - Essay Example C) Lipps and Riebold (2005, p.1) insists that life can thrive in some harsh environments. The areas include tidal flux, hydrothermal vents, chemical disequilibria, sunlight, ocean energy, and the abundance of life-sustaining nutrients, as discussed in chapter 4 of the text (Keynes 2004). Specifically, the liquid ocean flowing below Europa’s solid icy surface can produce new living objects. Both authors stated that there are several life forms thriving in inhospitably high temperatures, low temperatures, and other unwarranted living conditions (Keynes, 2004, p.13). Consequently, life can thrive in the unwelcome high salinity areas of Jupiter’s moon, Europa. Likewise, there are strong probabilities that Europa’s life conditions create new life where the current light conditions are enough for certain living creatures to survive. The living creatures thrive in Europa (Lipps & Lieboldt, 2005, p.2). Further, Europa’s current light conditions, only 20 percent of the Earth’s possible land creatures, are similar to early earth’s viable living conditions (Irwin, 2010, p. 178). To enhance living conditions, as Europa orbits Jupiter, Jupiter’s gravitational pull on Europa produces heat creation (Perkowitz, 2007, p. 38). The authors stated that life can exist in many nooks, crevices, open space, or other ocean. Question 2. Titan’s atmosphere, limb darkening, includes a vast chemical laboratory of several complex reactions. Titan’s atmospheric photochemical (molecule) reactions between the upper atmosphere (composed of Nitrogen and other elements) and hydrocarbons (continually dissolving methane) to produce other hydrocarbons, such as ethane. The chemical reactions of the molecules generate the atmosphere’s radiation, similar to early earth’s situation (p. 180). Question 3. A). Exoplanets are planets revolving outside the earth’s solar system. The discoverer

Language Investigation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Investigation - Coursework Example Consideration of the written print in the newspapers about the language used by men and women is substantially credible to be accredited with the status of being spoken aloud. It is spoken aloud because it appeals to as many people that access it as possible. Repetto (2014) noted that it is a psychological issue determined at birth and that would explain the differences in communication styles between boys and girls. This language analysis will therefore focus on analyzing a collection of data between communication in males and female youth. Given that the males and females tend to behave differently, there is need to focus on the cause of the differences that are established. Communication is quite diverse. People communicate for various reasons and the same communication is expressed differently depending on the situations as stated in the introduction2. This research is therefore based on the hypothesis â€Å"the language used to advertise male and female products in magazines is different†. The main aim is to investigate the use of nouns as well as adjectives in advertisements expressed in English. This will be geared towards finding the gender differences in communication in these advertisement media. The main focus is to establish whether the gender differences likely to occur are in conformation with the expectations in behaviour in males and females. The materials for the methodology in this topic consist of magazines for males and others for females. In total, there are twelve adverts that are taken from the male and female magazines. For the magazines meant for the males, there is a collection of six adverts, two from cars and aeroplanes, two from international football and two from music electronics. The female magazines had six magazines too. Two were from ‘Lasting Romance’, two from ‘Breath That Love’ and the last two from ‘Te Amo’ Australian edition. All these are world-wide magazines. The

Acculturation of the Minorities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Acculturation of the Minorities - Essay Example As per Robert Jensen1, the west is a society dominated by ‘White’ people who enjoy privileges often just because of their being white. Their flaws are easily forgiven and are often preferred to other races as they seem ‘less threatening’. These basic assumptions seem to have opened a Pandora box of secrets of ideologies and policies that govern the west. The ‘affirmative actions’ taken by the administration to endorse the policy of equal opportunity looks as if it was issued to emphasize that the ‘whites’ are not afraid of the merits of other races and not as a gesture of belief in general. They have underlined the fact that the superiority complex that the whites seem to have nurtured through the ages might be in the process of disintegrating. The intangible threats from the people who are not white seem to strengthen the bond among the whites. It also seriously questions the integrity of the whites and whether they truly deserve their successes under the given circumstances. Richard Dyer2 goes a step further by stating that racial imagery is central to the organization of the modern world. It is the projection of people and their characteristics, which includes their culture, religion, food habits, nationality, the color of skin etc. that defines racism. Through the decades, Whites have projected themselves as powers that speak and think about other people. They have successfully defined races and nonwhite people. As per Dyer, whites are beyond races and as such, they think themselves as above the rest of the humanity. It is most evident when they address other people as blacks, Chinese, Asians etc. Dyer argues that the biggest challenge the whites are facing today is the authenticity of the whites.  

Genderroles&popularfilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genderroles&popularfilm - Essay Example the possibility that the film is concurrently reinforcing and challenging or endorsing and contesting traditional ideas about gender roles (John-Fiske, 1990, p, 28). The analysis is aided through the analysis of two characters in the film to uncover this hypothesis. The Lee’s film blended well with every audience based on his massive knowledge in the audience market therefore using Kung-Fu style that is associated with the stereotypical dominant male hero striving to rescue the weaker and gentler female figure. On the contrary, the film is ironic as this notion is overturned with Lee’s characters disputing the male dominant formulaic schema. The film’s fighters are dominated by the females who are depicted in ways that challenge the conventional social gender norms. Lee was therefore able to capture larger audience in his film, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Before confining into characters, it is prudent to first explore the traditional perception of social gender norms. In many popular cultures, female figure is stereotyped as emotional, incapable and gentle. Traditionally, women had to depend on a stronger and agile male protection. In particular, Chinese women in late 1700s during the setting of the film were powerless over their lives. Marriages arrangements were executed without their consultations and consent, and had to heed to these arrangements without complaints or defiance. Conventionally, women were rated the weaker sex that could not defend themselves against a gile and stronger male counterparts. On the other hand, male females were confined on socially defined standards and were traditionally expected to be tough and strong with no display of being emotional that was rated as being weak males by the society. Male hero was independent, not vulnerable and self-sacrificing with Jillian Sandel’s article attaching masculinity to power and domination. Through Sandel’s article, we understand that the action of genre is dominated by the display

The Benefits of Installing Management Information System in Small Dissertation

The Benefits of Installing Management Information System in Small Business - Dissertation Example The definition of small business varies from country to country, for example, it is 50 in terms of employees in European Union. Economic criteria are also used for classification, based on capital employed or business turnover. However, for our study an organization consisting of at least 25 people and a maximum of 100 employees may be considered for inclusion in the survey. The developments in information technology, telecommunications, media and social networks necessitates the small business community to reorient their strategies to be competitive in the business, and MIS plays an important role in the backdrop of liberalization and globalization of the economies. This research may contribute significantly in this respect by highlighting the benefits of installing MIS in small businesses. Research Questions 1. What are the benefits of implementation of MIS in small business? 2. Is the cost of installation of MIS justifiable in relation to the benefits? 3. Is it true that the imple mentation of MIS enhances stability in the organization? Research aim The study aims to assess the impacts of implementation of MIS in the small businesses with regard to cost and benefits, both tangible and intangible that may accrue to the small businesses with a view to make recommendations based on the analysis and findings. Research Objectives To study the impact of MIS in relation to the operations and management of the small businesses with a view to analyze: 1. the impacts of the cost of installation of MIS and 2. the factors which govern installation of an appropriate system in relation to the size. Hypothesis The analysis of the survey results would be useful in evaluating the hypothesis: When the world is moving toward liberalization and the countries pursue a policy of globalization, installation of MIS in small businesses is crucial for efficiencies in the operations and for a sustainable development. The financial and non-financial benefits derived from the installatio n of MIS outweigh the cost involved in the installation, and MIS enhances stability of the organization. Literature review According to Garnengo, Nudurupati & Bititici (2007, p. 683) in the small and medium enterprises the deficiencies in MIS obstruct PMS [performance measurement system] use because the required data cannot be captured. It is observed (p. 683)†during the first implementation phase entrepreneurs obstructed MIS investment, and only free software and internal knowledge could be used. However, in a few months PMS advantages were highlighted and, consequently, MIS investment was planned and supported by entrepreneurs†. The expertise in processing of the information and reporting is crucial for the business success. Brouthers, Andriessen & Nicolaes (1998, p. 136) found â€Å"When it comes to making strategic decisions, the small firm managers in this study tended to ignore the information gathered and the analyses performed, relying instead on their intuition †. In order to compete efficiently in the market, strategic decisions based on the information properly analyzed are very essential. According to Street &Meister (2004, p. 473), â€Å"Small business growth is known to strain internal communication processes, for example, which likely limits growth opportunities†. Resistance to change and fear of unknown could be the major

Kinematics analysis of data Essay Example for Free

Kinematics analysis of data Essay From the data we gathered on this experiment, the effects of the height of the track can greatly affect the acceleration of the cart. Base on the data on the table, the higher the height of the track will have higher acceleration and will lead to higher sinÃŽ ¸. From this, it implies that the higher the displacement of the track will lead to the higher acceleration of the cart. The reason why the cart will have higher acceleration to higher displacement is because of the continues gravitational pull to the cart without restriction to its track. Time and the inclination of the track are interrelated to each other. As for the higher the inclination of the track will lead to shorter time to takes the cart to goes down to the track. The time will become shorter because as for the higher the inclination of the track will also have higher acceleration which means the cart will become faster and that’s why it will takes shorter time to goes down to the track. The difference between the picket fence’s acceleration and the value of g is the value of the slope of a graph of average velocity versus time will be the acceleration due to gravity of the falling object. And also the value of g is the computed value for the free fall acceleration, while the picket fence’s acceleration is the value that gathered by manual experimentation for the free fall acceleration, that is also why the data on the g of table 2 and the data on table 3 have the similarities on the digits or values.

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Hip Fractures

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis and Hip Fractures Association between age and risk of osteoporotic fracture The study shows that of the factors considered here, the main determinant of risk of major osteoporosis and hip fracture are age, weight and BMI. The first question in this study sought to determine the association between age and risk of osteoporotic fracture. The mean age for 100 subjects in this study is 62.57. The result of this study show a significant increase in the risk of major osteoporosis and risk of hip fracture in regards to age. Bone mineral density is known to decrease rapidly as we get older. This finding is in agreement with Loh, Shong, Lan, Lo, Woon (2008) findings which showed that age is significantly associated with low BMD. This happened because with advancing age, there will be prominent lost of trabecular and cortical bone mass (Francis, 2001). Approximately 35-50% of trabecular bone in women and 15-45% among men are lost while 25-30% of cortical bone in women and 5-15% in men are lost due to the advancing age (Francis, 2001) The loss of bone mass will eventu ally lead to osteoporosis and this can be the major cause of osteoporotic fracture. According to Keng Yin Loh, King Hock Shong, Soo Nie Lan, Lo, and Shu Yuen Woon (2008) age-related osteoporotic fracture can be explained by the fact that prevalence of osteoporosis is higher among older adult above 50 years old. Another possible explanation regarding age-related bone loss include reduce osteoblast activity, increase osteoclast activity, or a lack of physical activity among elderly (Metcalfe, 2008). In this study, the percentage of subjects participating in physical activity is low that is 24% only. This shows that with the advancing age, the participation in physical activity had decrease. Without exercising, there is lack of mechanical stress put on the bone and the rate of bone mineralization reduced thus increase the chances of elderly people to get osteoporotic fracture. Association between weight/BMI with risk of osteoporotic fracture Another important finding was that there is significant difference of negative correlation between weight and BMI with risk of major osteoporosis and risk of osteoporotic fracture. However, the relationship between weight and risk of osteoporotic fracture was stronger than between BMI and risk of osteoporotic fracture. The findings of the current study are consistent with those of Unnanuntana, Gladnick, Donnelly and Lane (2010) of who found low body weight can contribute to osteoporotic fracture. People with low body weight are known to have low BMD. This is because as people get older, calcium and mineral contents in bones declines causing the elderly become low weight, less dense and prone to get fractured (Fawzy et al., 2011). The correlation between BMD and BMI was highly positive in clinical study among UAE population done by Fawzy et al., (2011). This finding supports previous research into this brain area which links BMD and BMI. Keng Yin Loh, King Hock Shong, Soo Nie Lan, Lo and Shu Yuen Woon (2008) reported a significant difference between lower body weight and risk of osteoporotic fracture. Thinner person was said to have low BMD. Salamat, Salamat, Abedi and Janghorbani (2013) in their journals explained the mechanism on how obesity gives positive effect on BMD status. One of the reason is that obesity helps to improve bone mass in men because of the conversion of androgen to estrogen (Salamat et al., 2013). gObesity causes physiological changes in humans due to the modification of circulating sex steroid hormone such as androgens and estrogens (Mammi et al., 2012). Testosterone is the major circulating androgen in men which is synthesized from cholesterol (Sinnesael, Boonen, Claessens, Gielen, Vanderschueren, 2011). Testosterone can be converted into estrogen via P 450 aromatase enzyme and it can be found in adipose tissue and bone (Merlotti, Gennari, Stolakis, Nuti, 2011). This can best explains why study done by (Mammi et al. (2012) reported a hi gh level of plasma estrogens in obese men. According to Sinnesael et al. (2011) conversion of androgen into estrogen can help to increase bone density especially on the cortical bone among men thus can reduce risk of osteoporotic fracture. This view is supported by Merlotti et al. (2011) who agreed that conversion of androgen into estrogen play a vital role in improving bone mass density either in young men or elderly. On the other hand, people with more weight can put more mechanical stress on bone. Compared to low body weight people, they have less mechanical stress exerted on bone. The positive effect of mechanical loading on bone conveyed by increased body weight can help to stimulates bone formation (Cao, 2011). This is because proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast and osteocytes increased with the increased of body weight (Cao, 2011). This finding corroborates the ideas of Shapses Riedt, (2006) who suggested that obesity gives higher bone mass by means of weight-bearing effect of excess soft tissue on the skeleton. Association between balance and risk of osteoporotic fracture Contrary to expectations, this study did not find a significant difference between functional reach and risk of hip fracture. There is no correlation between balance and risk of osteoporotic fracture. This is related to the result of de Abreu et al. (2009) who reported that there is no differences between body balance of osteoporotic women and non-osteoporotic women when measured with Berg Balance Scale and Time-Up and Go Test. It is difficult to explain this result but it might be related to a low demand task required to performed these tests yet it is not efficient to predict the risk of fall and functional impairment in elderly people (de Abreu et al., 2009). Furthermore, we choose to study older adult who have functional independent and free from pathologies. The subject in our study included a large sample on older adult aged 50-59 years old and 60-69 years old compared to elderly of 70-79 and 80-89 years old. This can be a reason why their balances are also good. This finding s upports previous research into this brain area which links age and related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people. People with a good functional independent need a more realistic choice of clinical tests in the examination of elderly patient (Steffen, Hacker, Mollinger, 2002). In addition, the present findings seem to be consistent with other research which foundthe relationship between balance, age and estimated fall risks. In a study among community-dwelling older adults done by Smee, Anson, Waddington, Berry, (2012) elderly aged 65 years old are being categorized to have a Low-Mild falls risk because they have better balance as compared to the older-old group. Therefore, a younger-old group is said to have a low fall risk that lead to a low risk of osteoporotic fracture. Strength and Weakness of the study The strength referred to as advantages of this study. In return, this study can be a good study to be reviewed and as references for related future study. Meanwhile, weakness corresponds to any lacking possessed that may interfere the findings or result. Strength The sample size was larger compared to previous study thus giving a more precise calculation. The forward reach test is easy, inexpensive and convenient to be applied to community-dwelling elderly with a good test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. Weakness This study only predicts future hip fracture without calculated the risk of vertebral fracture and proximal humeral fracture. This study only focuses on independently mobile community-dwelling older adult. The lack of more elderly aged 65 and above including those with poor proprioceptive control, vision and vestibular input may limit the generalisability of this study related to postural control. References Cao, J. J. (2011). Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 6(1), 30. doi:10.1186/1749-799X-6-30 De Abreu, D. C. C., Trevisan, D. C., Reis, J. G., da Costa, G. D. C., Gomes, M. M., Matos, M. S. (2009). Body balance evaluation in osteoporotic elderly women. Archives of Osteoporosis, 4(1-2), 25–29. doi:10.1007/s11657-009-0023-y Fawzy, T., Muttappallymyalil, J., Sreedharan, J., Ahmed, A., Alshamsi, S. O. S., Al Ali, M. S. S. H. B. B., Al Balsooshi, K. A. (2011). Association between Body Mass Index and Bone Mineral Density in Patients Referred for Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Ajman, UAE. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2011, 876309. doi:10.4061/2011/876309 Francis, R. M. (2001). Falls and fractures. British Geriatrics Society, 30(4), 25–28. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24519586 Loh, K. Y., Shong, K. H., Lan, S. N., Lo, W.-Y., Woon, S. Y. (2008). Risk factors for fragility fracture in Seremban district, Malaysia: a comparison of patients with fragility fracture in the orthopedic ward versus those in the outpatient department. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health / Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health, 20(3), 251–7. doi:10.1177/1010539508317130 Mammi, C., Calanchini, M., Antelmi, A., Cinti, F., Rosano, G. M. C., Lenzi, A., †¦ Fabbri, A. (2012). Androgens and adipose tissue in males: a complex and reciprocal interplay. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2012, 789653. doi:10.1155/2012/789653 Merlotti, D., Gennari, L., Stolakis, K., Nuti, R. (2011). Aromatase activity and bone loss in men. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2011, 230671. doi:10.4061/2011/230671 Metcalfe, D. (2008). The pathophysiology of osteoporotic hip fracture. McGill Journal of Medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: MJMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: An International Forum for the Advancement of Medical Sciences by Students, 11(1), 51–7. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2322920tool=pmcentrezrendertype=abstract Salamat, M. R., Salamat, A. H., Abedi, I., Janghorbani, M. (2013). Relationship between Weight, Body Mass Index, and Bone Mineral Density in Men Referred for Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2013, 205963. doi:10.1155/2013/205963 Shapses, S. A., Riedt, C. S. (2006). Bone, Body Weight and Weight Reductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: What Are the Concerns? The Journal of Nutrition, 136(6), 1453–1456. Retrieved from http://jn.nutrition.org/content/136/6/1453.full Sinnesael, M., Boonen, S., Claessens, F., Gielen, E., Vanderschueren, D. (2011). Testosterone and the male skeleton: a dual mode of action. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2011, 240328. doi:10.4061/2011/240328 Smee, D. J., Anson, J. M., Waddington, G. S., Berry, H. L. (2012). Association between Physical Functionality and Falls Risk in Community-Living Older Adults. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2012, 864516. doi:10.1155/2012/864516 Steffen, T. M., Hacker, T. A., Mollinger, L. (2002). Research Report Age- and Gender-Related Test Performance in Community-Dwelling Elderly Peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Six-Minute Walk Test , Berg Balance Scale , Timed Up Go Test , and Gait Speeds. Journal of American Pysical Therapy Association and de Fysiotherapeut, 82, 128–137. Retrieved from http://ptjournal.apta.org Unnanuntana, A., Gladnick, B. P., Donnelly, E., Lane, J. M. (2010). The assessment of fracture risk. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 92(3), 743–53. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00919

The Project Report In Executives Salaries Commerce Essay

The Project Report In Executives Salaries Commerce Essay Are CEOs overpaid? Many people think so and many potential causes have been identified such as too much power, inattentive boards of directors, conflicts of interest by compensation consultants, the use of stock options and the list goes on. Some studies show that the average CEO was paid $10 million to $15 million in 2005. This includes their salary, bonus, stock option gains, stock grants and various executive benefits and prerequisites (news.cnet.com). We now look at the highest 10 paid jobs in UK and find not surprisingly that Company CEOs are right there at the top of the list by a huge pay difference when compared with others high in the list. 10 Highest paid UK jobs June 2009 Company CEO/Directors  £171,509 Doctors  £81,744 Brokers  £80,233 Financial Managers Chartered Secretaries  £79,545 Civil Servants (Senior)  £71,824 Aircraft Pilots Flight Engineers  £61,585 Management Consultants/Economists  £52,505 Lawyers, Judges Coroners  £51,579 Police Officers (Inspector and above)  £51,487 Managers (Marketing and Sales)  £50,575 ( Source : careerbuilder.co.uk ) Research Question What factors affect chief executive officer salaries? The files CEOSAL1.RAW and CEOSAL2.RAW are data sets that have various firm performance measures as well as information such as tenure and education. Compared with CEOSAL1.RAW, the second data set contains more information about the CEO, rather than about the company is included (Wooldridge, 2008). In the dataset, Wooldridge took a random sample of data reported in the May 6, 1991 issue of Businessweek. Literature Review In context of current financial crisis, CEO compensation has been a major subject of discussion among businessmen and academics since early 1920s (McKnight et al., 2000). How high should be the compensation, what is the relationship between CEO pay and his abilities, what is the correlation between CEO compensation and companys performance? We have chosen the topic due to its obvious relevance with current financial situation. During the literature review we found a number of empirical articles, exploring various aspects of CEO compensation. McKnight et al (2000) in CEO age and Top Executive Pay: A UK Empirical Study examines the implication of CEO age on managerial pay. They promote four hypotheses: The positive relationship between CEO pay and age The positive relationship between company size and CEO compensation, however it would weaken with the increase of CEO age The relationship between company performance and CEO salary would weaken with increasing age of CEO The relationship between company performance and CEO incentive pay would be positive and would strengthen with increase of CEO age They have explored over 100 UK companies and not only considered CEO pay but have divided it into salary, performance bonuses and share options in order to obtain clearer results. McKnight et al (2000) have concluded that relationship between CEO age and their bonuses appeared to be non-linear. The data did not support Hypothesis 3 and 4, although Hypothesis 1 and 2 were proved by the data. The practical implication of their research suggests that board members considering CEO pay should take into account the age, family and financial circumstances of the CEO, especially if CEO age is about 53 years, as it is an inflection point on curvilinear association of the effect of CEO age on bonus. This conclusion highlights the different aspect of CEO pay, whereas in earlier research McKnight (1996) examined 200 UK firms and found that performance and firm size are the important predictors of executive remuneration. Rose and Shepard (1997) in Firm diversification and CEO compensation: managerial ability or executive entrenchment? explored empirical association between CEO pay and a number of different firm characteristics, such as size and performance. They have also considered CEO personal abilities and characteristics, however the major focus of their research was on correlation between CEO pay and company diversification. They conclude that firm diversification in most cases does not benefit stockholders by increasing company value, but might only benefit the decision makers. Rose and Shepard (1997) admit that such conclusion is controversial and required further empirical research. Rose and Shepard (1997) considered firm diversification as one important determinant of CEO compensation. Investigating the relationship between CEO compensation and firm diversification over 1985-1990, they found that the CEO of a firm with two lines of business averages 13% more in salary and bonus than the CEO of a similar-sized but undiversified firm, ceteris paribus. The term Ceteris Paribus means that all other relevant factors held fixed or constant (Morris, 2008). In the later paper of Van Putten and Bout (2008), the relationship between CEO compensation and company performance has been stressed and their research was made during financial crisis and therefore might be more relevant in todays economic situation. Deckop (1988) analyse data from 120 firms in 1977-81 to show that CEOs were not given an incentive through compensation to increase the size of the firm at the expense of profit which is contrary to the findings of some other studies. Rather, CEO compensation was positively related to profit as a percentage of sales. The market equity value of the firm and the CEOs age and years of service as a CEO had a little effect on compensation (Deckop, 1988). Wright, Kroll and Elenkov (2002) provide us with a theoretical argument that the effect of acquisition-related factors on CEO compensation is contingent upon the intensity of monitoring activities. In firms with vigilant monitors, returns will explain changes in CEO compensation while in firms with passive monitors, increased corporate size due to an acquisition will explain compensation changes. They found support for their hypothesis in a sample of 171 acquisitions over the 1993-98 time period. Various researchers have come up to different conclusions exploring factors affecting CEO pay, therefore we have found this question interesting and we would consider the data from Cengage database and look for some other factors, affecting CEO compensation. Data Description The data has been downloaded from CEngage Learning which has online data sets for Wooldridges Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (cengage.com). It contains two data sets namely CEOSAL1.RAW and CEOSAL2.RAW. CEOSAL2.RAW, the second data set contains more information about the CEO, rather than about the company as in case of CEOSAL1.RAW. The Table below describes the variables in the data sets CEOSAL1 and CEOSAL2. These two data sets were merged to give one final data set namely CEOSAL3.DTA. The variable description for the final data set CEOSAL3 can be found in the Appendix. Variable Descriptions for CEOSAL1 Salary Annual salary (including bonuses) in 1990 (in thousands) $ Sales Firm sales in 1990 (in millions) $ Roe Average return on equity, 1988-90 (in percent) Pcsal Percentage change in salary, 1988-90 Pcroe Percentage change in roe, 1988-90 Indust = 1 if an industrial company, 0 otherwise Finance = 1 if a financial company, 0 otherwise Consprod = 1 if a consumer products company, 0 otherwise Util = 1 if a utility company, 0 otherwise Ros Return on firms stocks 1988-90 Lsalary Natural log of salary Lsales Natural log of sales Variable Descriptions for CEOSAL2 Salary Annual salary (including bonuses) in 1990 (in thousands) $ Age Age in Years College = 1 if attended college, 0 otherwise Grad = 1 if attended graduate school, 0 otherwise Comten Years with Company Ceoten Years as CEO with Company Sales Firm sales in 1990 (in millions) $ Profits Firm Profits in 1990 (in millions) $ Mktval Market Value (in millions) $, end 1990 Lmktval Natural log of mktval Lsalary Natural log of salary Lsales Natural log of sales Comtensq comten^2 (company tenure squared) Ceotensq ceoten^2 (ceo tenure squared) Profmarg profits as % of sales Data Analysis We used regression analysis to look out the factors that affect chief executive officer salaries. We chose a multivariate model because most variables cannot be explained by a single variable and estimations based on a single explanatory variable may lead to biased coefficients (Baum, 2006). A multivariate model allows for ceteris paribus analysis and we can avoid the missing variable bias. We used Stata 10 for the regression analysis of the data set. The data sets namely CEOSAL1.DTA and CEOSAL2.DTA were combined to get a single data set CEOSAL3.DTA. The merging of data sets was possible because the variable salary and sales were common to both data sets and this was necessary to come up with a single equation. The data set CEOSAL1.DTA in memory was appended with CEOSAL2.DTA on disk using the append datasets option in Stata 10 by clicking on Data tab and selecting combine datasets option. Econometric Methodology The methodology is econometric as statistical tool (Stata 10) was used to address economic issues. The analysis is based on observational (non-experimental) data. We then derive a relationship from economic theory or come up with an equation that serves us as an econometric model. lsalary = 4.78 (.51) + .191 (.04) lsales + .083 (.06) lmktval + .017 (.005) ceoten .094 (.079) grad .065 (.23) college .01 (.003) comten + I + u where lsalary = dependent variable, regressand; lsales / lmktval / ceoten / grad / college / comten = explanatory variables, regressor ; u = error term / disturbance; I = dummy / dichotomous variable for Industry ; 4.78 = intercept parameter, .19 / .08 / .017 / -.09 / -.06 / -.01 = population / slope parameters and the respective standard errors are shown in brackets and the bold variables represent that the variable is statistically significant in the data. In the above equation as the dependent variable is also in natural logarithm, the natural log of the explanatory variable gives us elasticity. Elasticity is the percentage change in one variable given a 1% ceteris paribus increase in another variable (Wooldridge, 2008). So, the coefficients of lsales and lmktval give us the elasticity i.e the percentage increase in the dependent variable when the explanatory variable is increased by 1% ceteris paribus. For example, a 1% unit increase in lsales will account for approximately 19% increase in lsalary and similarly a 1% unit increase in lmktval will account for approximately 8% increase in lsalary. Interpretation The t-statistic or t-ratio is defined as the coefficient of the variable divided by its standard error (Wooldridge, 2008). If the numerical value of t-statistic or t-ratio is greater than 2 i.e |t| >2, then the variable is statistically significant. In the data after running the regression analysis, we find the t-ratio of lsales, ceoten, comten and the constant ( y intercept parameter) to satisfy the above inequality [ |t| >2 ] and hence these variables can be declared as statistically significant. The R square for the model is 0.355 ( approximately 36% ) which is moderate as a high R square does not necessarily imply a better model as the coefficient can be misleading at times. However, it is a good starting point and generally bigger R square is good. We get the constant ( y intercept ) to be statistically significant as this would allows us to make an idea of the basic salary of CEO even when sales, profits and market value is down because the CEO gets paid his basic salary, rega rdless of the firm making profits or losses. Critical Analysis With reference to our group presentation and the video reported by ABC News, NewYork which showed that CEOs average annual bailout is $ 13.7 million and average wage earner earns $ 31, 589. This is almost 436 times the salary of an average wage earner which seems to raise few questions and a debate over whether CEOs are overpaid ( youtube.com ). This then raises the point that no survey of executive compensation is complete without the discussion of political factors influencing the great level of CEO pay. The controversy heightened with the November 1991 introduction of Graef Crystals (1991) expose on CEO pay, In Search of Excess, and exploded following President George Bushs ill-timed pilgrimage to Japan in January 1992, accompanied by an entourage of highly paid US executives (Murphy, 1999). Conclusion The research aimed to find out the factors that affect chief executive officer salaries and why CEOs are compensated greatly. The data sets namely CEOSAL1.DTA and CEOSAL2.DTA were combined to give a final data set that was used to answer the research question and draw the conclusion that sales, market value ceotenure have a positive effect on CEO salary while company tenure and college / graduation have a negative effect. In our research and data analysis, the most significant factor comes out to be sales. Limitations The data Wooldridge took is from an issue of Busineesweek in 1991 which is quite old. The files need to be updated and it could be very interesting to know the current trend in CEO Compensation and whether the current economic recession had any effects. Due to the current prevalent economic crisis, the findings can be really interesting which could further add some value to the research that has been already done and leave some space for more research to be carried out in this particular topic. An interesting comparison could be made between the factors e.g sales, ros (return on stocks), roe (return on equity), CEOs age, CEO tenure, profits, market value, comten (years with company), etc highlighted in our literature review and our results so that we know which factor plays the most important role and consequently affects chief executive officer salaries when contrasted in relative terms with other studies. The sample size in the data is approximately 200 observations which is not gr eat. The data shows no evidence for the location of firms and the gender of the CEO. It would be a more contemporary question to pose that is there any gender discrimination in CEO Compensation. The policies of the government are also unknown to see if there were any tax evasions present or not. Further Research A further deep research could use the current data to find the factors affecting CEO salaries. Then, the effects of current economic recession could be looked into and a further study could try to find whether CEOs are overpaid and if so what are the reasons for it? Is it truly because of their managerial ability or it is just an executive entrenchment? Then one could also look at the role of monitoring CEOs and their firms. Are these small, medium or family operated firms and what factors affect their growth and output? Is there sex discrimination in CEO compensation? Bibliography Baum, C.F (2006), An Introduction to Modern Econometrics Using Stata, Stata Press Bout, A. and Van, P.S. (2008), Beyond the boardroom: considering CEO pay in a broader context, People Strategy Deckop, J.R (1988), Determinants of Chief Executive Officer Compensation, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 41(2), pp. 215-226 Crystal, G. (1991), In Search of Excess: The Overcompensation of American Executives, W.W. Norton Company: New York McKnight, P. (1998), An Explanation of Top Executive Pay: A UK Study, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34:4 McKnight P., Tomkins C. and Weir C. (2000), CEO Age and Top Executive Pay: A UK Empirical study, Journal of Management and Governance, 4:2000 Morris, C. (2008), Quantitative Approaches in Business Studies, 7th Edition, FT-PrenticeHall Murphy, K. (1999), Executive Compensation, Handbook of Labour Economics, 3(2), pp. 2485-2563 Rose, N.L and Shepard, A. (1997), Firm diversification and CEO compensation: managerial ability or executive entrenchment, Journal of Economics, 28(3), pp. 489-514 Wooldridge, J.M (2008), Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition, South-Western Wright, P. ,Kroll M. And Elenkov,D. (2002), Acquisition Returns, Increase in Firm Size, and Chief Executive Officer Compensation: The Moderating Role of Monitoring, The Academy of Management Journal, 45(3), pp. 599-608 http://login.cengage.com/sso/logouthome.do (Accessed on 10th February, 2010) http://news.cnet.com/The-great-overpaid-CEO-debate/2010-1014_3-6078739.html (Accessed on 1st March, 2010) http://www.careerbuilder.co.uk/Article/CB-27-Job-Search-Britains-Best-Paid-Jobs/ (Accessed on 1st March, 2010) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcG-_LlKN14 (Accessed on 19th March, 2010)

jane eyre :: essays research papers

When General Rochambeau met General Washington in 1781 to determine their next move against the British, Washington wanted to attack New York City. Rochambeau convinced him that the wiser move was to move South. Word had come from General Lafayette in Virginia that Cornwallis had taken up a defensive position at Yorktown. Cornwallis was situated next to the York River. If they could surround the city by land and cut off Cornwallis' escape route on the river, Washington and Rochambeau would strike an enormous blow to the British forces. Planning for the elaborate campaign began immediately. French Admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, would sail with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay and secure the mouth of the York River. Meanwhile, Washington and Rochambeau would march south to Yorktown and form a semicircle around the city. The plan was simple in concept, but it would take great military skill to execute. First, Washington and Rochambeau started to march towards New York City. They stationed approximately 2500 men at the American forts near the city to fool the British into believing that Washington's entire force was still there. Then the combined Franco-American army raced south to Virginia. As they marched south, Admiral de Grasse's fleet arrived at the Chesapeake Bay. They defeated the British fleet of Admiral Thomas Graves and won control of the entire bay. More importantly, this meant that they controlled the mouth of the York River and could prevent both Cornwallis' escape and any British communication with Cornwallis. On September 28, 1781, Washington and Rochambeau, along with Lafayette's troops and 3,000 of de Grasse's men, arrived at Yorktown. In all, there were approximately 17,000 men converging on Cornwallis' camp. The stage was set for the final showdown in America's fight for independence. The combined forces approached Yorktown from the South. The French, under Rochambeau, formed the left flank of the attack, while the American troops, under Washington and Lafayette, approached from the right. The city was soon surrounded and under heavy fire. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured 2 major British redoubts. Cornwallis' options were running out. He even tried sending blacks infected with smallpox over enemy lines in an attempt to infect the American and French troops. After a futile counterattack, Cornwallis offered to surrender on October 17. On the 19th of October, the papers were signed and he officially surrendered. jane eyre :: essays research papers When General Rochambeau met General Washington in 1781 to determine their next move against the British, Washington wanted to attack New York City. Rochambeau convinced him that the wiser move was to move South. Word had come from General Lafayette in Virginia that Cornwallis had taken up a defensive position at Yorktown. Cornwallis was situated next to the York River. If they could surround the city by land and cut off Cornwallis' escape route on the river, Washington and Rochambeau would strike an enormous blow to the British forces. Planning for the elaborate campaign began immediately. French Admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, would sail with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay and secure the mouth of the York River. Meanwhile, Washington and Rochambeau would march south to Yorktown and form a semicircle around the city. The plan was simple in concept, but it would take great military skill to execute. First, Washington and Rochambeau started to march towards New York City. They stationed approximately 2500 men at the American forts near the city to fool the British into believing that Washington's entire force was still there. Then the combined Franco-American army raced south to Virginia. As they marched south, Admiral de Grasse's fleet arrived at the Chesapeake Bay. They defeated the British fleet of Admiral Thomas Graves and won control of the entire bay. More importantly, this meant that they controlled the mouth of the York River and could prevent both Cornwallis' escape and any British communication with Cornwallis. On September 28, 1781, Washington and Rochambeau, along with Lafayette's troops and 3,000 of de Grasse's men, arrived at Yorktown. In all, there were approximately 17,000 men converging on Cornwallis' camp. The stage was set for the final showdown in America's fight for independence. The combined forces approached Yorktown from the South. The French, under Rochambeau, formed the left flank of the attack, while the American troops, under Washington and Lafayette, approached from the right. The city was soon surrounded and under heavy fire. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured 2 major British redoubts. Cornwallis' options were running out. He even tried sending blacks infected with smallpox over enemy lines in an attempt to infect the American and French troops. After a futile counterattack, Cornwallis offered to surrender on October 17. On the 19th of October, the papers were signed and he officially surrendered.

Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice Essay -- Fire and Ice Robert Frost Poems E

Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice Fire and Ice is a popular poem written in 1923 by Robert Frost. It is a very well known poem and is used in many high schools and colleges today. Many students along with various critics read this poem as Frost’s idea as to how the world is going to end. People also take this in a Biblical sense, because the passage that God states the next time he destroys the world, it will be in fire. He blatantly states in the first lines, â€Å"Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice†, which leads many critics to believe the simplicity of this poem was to be taken as simple and to the point. However, the poem was written in the roaring twenties, which is why I believe Frost had a deeper meaning attached than how the world was going to end. Opposing most critics with their view of this idea, I believe Robert Frost’s â€Å"Fire and Ice† is about love. Fire being the love itself along with passion, ice is the lack of love, rather than a view on the end of the world. Katherine Kearns states that although you have to make a decision between the language, it still seems as if Frost is trying to allude to the end of the world (Cambridge University). Frost often writes in a very simply form, which is why critics are constantly led to believe Frost had no double meaning out of the poem. The form of ‘Fire and Ice’ is again, simple in the writing, leaving it easy to see the surface meaning and not look any deeper. The form and simple rhyme scheme do not give readers the idea that the meaning would be so philosophical. Through a deeper reading of the poem, I think Frost is trying to discover the distinction between love and hate through symbolism. Fire is love or burning desire. The ice symb... ...rost was talking about love. In some sense, everyone has felt the effects of a burning love or lack of love, taken over by the feeling of coldness. Digging for a deeper meaning of the poem, it is evident Frost was not only talking about the end of the world, but also the end of a person. The effects of love and hate are enough to put an end to a person, as are the effects of fire and ice to put an end to the world. Works Cited Kearns, Katherine, â€Å"Fire and Ice†. On Fire and Ice. 1994. 17 September 2005. http://www.english.uiuc.edu/ Pobojewski, Sally. â€Å"This Is the Way the World Ends.† LSAmagazine 23.1 (Fall 1999): 28-29. Sangiorgio, Yvette. â€Å"Fire and Ice† Fire and Ice- Robert Frost. 12 May 2001. 17 September 2005. http://www.cs.rice.edu/ Serio, John N. â€Å"Fire and Ice†. On Fire and Ice. 1994. 17 September 2005. http://www.english.uiuc.edu/

Motivational Factor at Tesco Essay

These theories concentrate of the benefits and importance of motivation, however researcher found it necessary for this research to consider that as it is mentioned by Vercueil, 2001 incorrectly implemented motivation management causes a harmful affect on the employees. Watt, 1998 refers to Anon saying that in the past motivation could be identifies as a way to make people want what we want and differs it from manipulation that makes individuals do what we want. However today as it mentioned by Bruce and Pepitone, 1999 modern employees are much more sophisticated and are in search for a greater satisfaction from the job they are doing. Artificial reward or money alone are nor enough. Therefore modern organisations need to learn and understand human nature as it indicates why people in these case employees behave in a particular manner. Managers need to motivate the employee leading to a grater working performances and mainly managers have to understand their employees needs and their life organization in order to meet the employees expectations and motivate ones performance more efficiently. Staff retention is a significant element of every successful business. It is characterized by the employees desire to sustain in the organization and continuing contribution to the business. In times of economic crisis more and more individuals have to stay at their jobs even if conditions are not favorable due to a risk of being unable to provide for a family. However more and more individuals are raising the importance of staff motivation management. Organizations today have realized that a modern employee needs to be rightly motivated and encouraged, not only money wise, to ensure staff retention. Motivation is a force that stimulates people to perform an action. Therefore motivation is a force which compel people go to their work every day and that is why people bring improvement in themselves to satisfy the desire of becoming or accomplishing what they have set out to become or accomplish in their life. More over with motivation any complicated situation can be converted into a simple and learning experience. In his research Watt, 2003 also states that managers must understand that individuals want to be treated fairly and have equal opportunities to advance. He highlights the problem of motivation today. Often organizations do not recognize that the motivation management requires different approaches depending on the industry sectors. The problem of motivation and staff performance as it is stated by Green et al, 1999 might stay undetected, hidden and unresolved by the managers. Therefore managers often don’t realize that it is important not only to appeal to the individual’s intellect but to their hearts as well. Green et all, 1999 also identifies three main problems for motivation: – Lack of confidence – Lack of trust Lack of satisfaction Well designed and implemented motivation strategy leads to employee’s retention therefore employee’s loyalty. Loyalty is a significant and vital part of any organization. As it is mentioned by Daft and Marcic, 2011 management should learn to allow all it s employees make a contribution and use its talents and potential in order to progress and improve their sk ills. This sort of motivation creates employees retention and ensures ones constant grow and contribution to the company. TK MAXX has a well developed reward and development management. Organization believes that its people should be growing as well as the business. From the first time the employee joins the company organization provides a comprehensive induction programs and ensures that whether it is about moving up the career ladder, learning and development of new skills or gaining experience working in different countries there are plenty of available opportunities for the employees. Company has a strong rewards and benefits system, pension scheme, holidays, private healthcare and voluntary benefits as a part of its employee motivation and ensures of employees happiness and satisfaction. All this provides companies growth and efficient performances with a high rate of employee’s retention. Researcher believes that T. K. Max is a real example of a right motivation management. Organization aims at ensuring satisfaction of its employees and at the same time ensures a solid growth and development for the business. Therefore the researcher wanted to examine the motivation strategies used by T. K. Max and analyze its effect on the employees. 1. 3. The Company Background The organization that we have chosen for our research is one of the most successful retailers in the market today. T. K. Max management in the Uxbridge branch were excited and happy to participate in our research and granted us with a permission to use the organization’s name in this investigation. T-K Maxx is a chain of clothing and accessories stores. The company was launched in 1994. It is a subsidiary of TJX Companies Inc. (TJXtra, JUNE 2010) TK MAXX always aimed to deliver frequently changing and best quality products at a price which is 20-60% less than other department and specialty stores regular prices. TK MAXX has label of â€Å"Always up to 60% less† and has target customers who is middle to upper-middle income shopper. But simultaneously who are fashion and value conscious. T. K. MAXX is now 7th largest fashion retailer in the U. K. It introduced the off price concept in the UK and it is now the only major off-price retailer in Europe. It was operating in UK and Ireland. Later on T. K. Maxx opened first stores in Germany in 2007 and also entered in Poland in 2009 (TJXtra, JUNE 2010) The reason why we the researcher choose TK-Maxx as an organization is its market share and the enormous global scale that it’s operate. Having its unique position in UK market T. K.