Utilitarian Theory of Punishment in the Criminal Justice...

There is an ongoing problem in our society regarding punishment and responsibility. We, as a society, tend to look away when it comes to how criminals are being punished and maybe we should be paying more attention. Violence seems to be an integral part of our society, some raise their children with violence, we watch it on television, read it in newspapers and books and now we are even playing violent video games. When it comes to the judicial system the majority of citizens do not even know how individuals are being punished or if the punishment is too harsh, not severe enough or if the individual even needs punishment because what they may need is psychiatric help. Behavioral scientist, Karl Menninger, believes that our prisons are†¦show more content†¦The utilitarian theory of punishment is another approach to the criminal justice system. Richard B. Brandt believes that this type of punishment is frequently found in Great Britain and the United States. He believes that u tilitarian’s differ in their thoughts as to what is the â€Å"ideal† system would be but the punishment extended should be fair and that the threat of punishment may be more important than the punishment itself. Brandt discusses the difference in the prosecution and defense used to obtain maximum utility and how the punishment should be implemented and how to mitigate the punishment. Brandt also discusses how utilitarian’s believe that reform needs to take place in the criminal justice system. What is being proposed begins with reforming the juvenile court system with more psychiatric treatment and programs to assist with crime prevention as well as asking for more social awareness to help these programs. This reform would then be extended to the adult population. After a guilty verdict is rendered, the experts would complete an evaluation and decisions would be made regarding treatment for each individual and a timeline created to establish when such individual could be reintegrated back into society. This type of sentence may not follow utilitarian views but there views regardingShow MoreRelatedThe Retributive And Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment1478 Words   |  6 Pages Punishment is any kind of negative penalty inflicted on the wrong doer to prevent him from doing wrong in the future. Though there is no specific definition for punishment, it implies all those acts that are required to teach the wrong doer a lesson. Taking a negative step towards the offender. Since the evolution of time, there have been many sociologists who have given their theories on punishment and how the offender should be punished. The theories vary in terms of approach takenRead MoreRetributive, Utilitarian and Rehabilitative Justice Compared1680 Words   |  7 PagesRetributive, Utilitarian and Rehabilitative Justice Compared The three justice theories or views, which include utilitarianism, rehabilitative or a retributive style of justice, are multifaceted. It is not easy to sum the aspects of each without lengthy discussion. Therefore, I will try to maximize my efforts and offer concise answers. It is fair to note that my belief system correlates strongly with retributive style justice theory. Nevertheless, I will compare all three theories accordingly. Read MoreThe Theory Of The Criminal Justice System931 Words   |  4 Pages The notion that punishment should be equal to the crime is a major philosophy in the US criminal justice system. However, finding a great balance between justice and punishment is often a blurred line. Over the past 40 years, the population of state and federal prisons have risen drastically. Polices such as the war on drugs and get tough on crime have caused judges to give out more incarceration years than ever before. With such are large prison population, the resources ne eded to operate isRead MoreJustification And Justification Of The Penal System1171 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment) that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. However, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It isRead MoreThe Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment1494 Words   |  6 Pagesdefend both the proponents and principles of the utilitarian theory of punishment, namely addressing the utilitarian approach juxtaposed with the retributive. Before beginning to make claims in any direction, a brief and to-date synopsis of the utilitarian fundamentals regarding punishment will be necessary. From ther e, I will present the utilitarian theories of punishment as not only the most useful for a society, but also the best representation of criminal law being carried out justly. Following thisRead MoreIs Restorative Justice Gaing Support in South Africa?1503 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Punishment, central to any legal proceeding where the accused is found guilty, directly falls under criminal law and is determined by punishment theories. Whether South Africa is moving towards restorative justice approaches influences many aspects: it allows the protection of society, results in more of a crime-free life for the offender and it gives offenders the chance to learn from their experience, and gain insight into their behaviour and allows victims to handle their injusticeRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Criminal Activity856 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause it is believed that criminal activity is a rational choice, chosen because they perceive it to be in their best interest. â€Å"Criminals make a rational choice and choose to do criminal acts due to maximum pleasure and minimum pain† (Classical School of Criminology, 2012) Cesare Beccaria contributed to the classical theory greatly, and introduced several attributions to the justice system which advanced it immensely. â€Å"Views were consistent with Beccaria’s utilitarian beliefs that sought to maximizeRead MoreKant and Mills on Capital Punishment Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesKant and Mills on Capital Punishment Capital punishment has raised debate in America since 1608. Both the â€Å"pro-â€Å" and â€Å"anti-â€Å" sides of the issue have strong arguments. Some believe killing is simply wrong, and violates universal human rights, others seek the only justice they deem appropriate, equal justice. I will examine the philosophies of Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill, with regards to their stance on the death penalty. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806- 8 May 1873) was born in London, EnglandRead MoreAmerica s Scandalous Incarceration Rate921 Words   |  4 Pagesthe numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago despite the fact that crime is at historic lows. So what are we to make of the leap in time typically served for crimes in America’s society? Either the justice system was too lenient in the past, or the justice system is too strict now. Have we just now realized the real gravity of murder, or are we now overreacting? Those who have served a proportional sentence, and have proven themselves worthy, deserve to be restored to public lifeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1714 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, or the death penalty is the legally authorized death of an individual as punishment for a heinous crime, typically one that involves murder. The legality of it varies by state and it continues to be a contentious topic of discussion in the United States. Furthermore, in recent decades, public opinion has been shifting from a supportive stance to an unsupportive stance on the use of the death penalty. It is now perceived by most people to be an unethical, immoral, and expensive

Drugs and Alcohol Essay - 1599 Words

Drugs are heavily used throughout the entire world. However, it is important to understand and not undermine the variability in which drugs are used. It is clear some are for distinct medical treatment and others are for recreational use. In the United States, marijuana has been and continues to be a very controversial drug. Some states have allowed marijuana consumption for medicinal purposes, while others have completely outlawed the drug. Those who are against the legalization and regulation of marijuana suggest the economical and health risk associated with consumption of the drug are too high. Although there is risk involved with the legalization of the marijuana, our country has already been risking too much banning the drug.†¦show more content†¦in â€Å"Marijuana Facts† 1). From an outsider’s perspective, one has to ask why is there so much tension and hesitation in legalizing marijuana? If alcohol is the direct cause of many deaths, while marij uana has not been responsible for any, it only makes sense that our health would not be our greatest concern in legalizing the drug. Also, it is important to understand marijuana consumption is less susceptible to overuse than alcohol or other drugs (Marijuana 10:477). Despite this, critics often argue that marijuana is a gateway to other more potent and harmful drugs. According to Dr. Halbach of the World Health Organization there is no pharmacological link between cannabis and opiates (Marijuana 10:477). This demonstrates the physiological unlikelihood of marijuana being a stepping-stone to other more potent drugs containing opiates. Marijuana does have drawbacks and side effects, as any other drug whether medicinal or recreational. However, putting the drug in perspective helps one to understand the contradiction in legalizing other drugs while continuing to ignore marijuana even though it can beneficial in different capacities. One major way the legalization and regulation of marijuana can benefit society is for medical use or prescription by a doctor. Critics of this may be quick to assert this is an excuse to entertain personal interest and satisfaction one would achieve from the drug. However, there areShow MoreRelatedDrugs And Alcohol And Drugs1767 Words   |  8 PagesSome people know what alcohol and drugs do to our body and we understand, but the problem is â€Å"How come people do these kind of stuff in the first place?† or what makes them choose these choices. Well the thing is, People suffer from anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression or other mental illnesses use drugs and alcohol to ease their sufferings. But the thing that we don t get is why do such a bad thing if you know that it s destroying your organs and your insides. Drugs or alcohol can sometimes makeRead MoreDrugs and Alcohol1682 Words   |  7 PagesMethod 3 References 4 Background Drugs and alcohol is a major social issue (J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and Janet Y. Miller, 1992). It is not something that can be solved by the law (Lee P. Brown, 2008). Throughout history, many attempts have been made to try and legalize and control alcohol and drug addiction but has failed. It requires education, international awareness and a lot of work to resolve. Whilst alcohol and certain drugs are not illegal, the potential dangers areRead MoreDrug Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesDrug and Alcohol Abuse Drug and alcohol abuse is something that is happening more and more often it seems. There are many reason for this happening. First of all, people experiment with drugs and alcohol mainly out of curiosity. Maybe their friends are doing it, they just want to have a good time, or they could be hoping to improve athletic performance. It is common thing at parties and social gatherings for people to feel the need to drink or try drugs. Another reason start to use and abuse drugsRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe movie Trainspotting is an entertaining look into the dark world of drug and alcohol abuse. Heroin is the drug of choice for the protagonist, but other substances are also consumed throughout the film: heroin, prescription medication, opium, hash, amphetamines, and alcohol are a constant presence in the story. Repeated polysubstance abuse combined with a negative social environment and a weak support structure compounds the problems of Renton, a heroin addicted young adult man living in ScotlandRead MoreAlcohol And Drug Addiction : Drugs1498 Words   |  6 Pages Alcohol and Drug Addiction Xinge Xu University of Toronto Throughout the vast history of mankind, alcohol has always been a popular and controversial topic. Unlike other illegal drugs with strict rules, alcohol seems to be a more universal and socially acceptable drink. In fact, it is the most widely used drug substance in the world. However, with the gradually increasing amount of problems associated with alcohol, people should weigh and examine the medicinalRead MoreDrug Alcohol And Drug Abuse1773 Words   |  8 Pagesnet - guide - Avoiding Alcohol And Drug Abuse In College College is a time of great personal growth and education, but it is also a time to have a lot of fun. Unfortunately, people often take this fun too far by delving into excessive drug and alcohol abuse. This impacts millions of college students every year in multiple ways, including creating a lifelong addiction, causing educational problems, and even personal injury. However, it is possible to avoid alcohol and drug abuse in college. It takesRead MoreDrug Use Of Drugs And Alcohol2261 Words   |  10 Pagescurrent ongoing problem in the United States is the continuous use of drugs and alcohol. There isn’t a day that goes by where we don’t see in the paper or on the internet that someone overdosed on drugs and passed away. Currently the United States is narrowing in on the legalization of one drug in particular, which is marijuana. Just over 130 years ago there were no laws against drug use, until the 20th century when the fight against drug use began. Harry Anslinger is man who began the probation of marijuanaRead MoreAlcohol and Drug Abuse1722 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Drug Addiction Samara Kitchens COM/156 Instructor: Sunday, May 19, 2013 There was a missing person report across the news today, my co-worker stated. I never paid any attention to it; I went on about my day as if everything was fine. When I arrived at home I had severalRead MoreAddiction : Drugs And Alcohol1001 Words   |  5 Pagesassociated with drugs and alcohol. Addiction is not only related to drugs or alcohol, but it is also tied with things and activities. Addiction to drugs or alcohol are quite similar yet slightly different to addictions to activities and other things. Addiction to drugs and alcohol over time leads to a buildup of tolerance causing the user to need more of what they are addicted to in order to experience the same or more of an effect than they once needed to attain the same effect. They take drugs to avoidRead More Drug and Alcohol Essay521 Words   |  3 PagesDrugs and Alchohol The first meeting I attended was an AA and a NA meeting. At first, I was very nervous attending it because I didn’t know what to expect. I always had the impression that all people who attended these meetings were typical people that you see in bars with long hair, and beards; but I was wrong. They look normal just like you and me. There were young people, and middle-aged people. Some of them I never would have expected that they were alcoholics or drug addicts. Both meetings

Reflection on Study Skills free essay sample

This paper will reflect on my study skills. I will use a reflective model to discuss this, I have chosen Gibbs model of reflection, and this model includes the following: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, action plan and conclusion. (Gibbs 1988) The first stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of events. We were asked to do three things designed to test our study skills, Information technology, Literacy and Numeracy. For Information technology I downloaded a paper from the journal of community nursing online, the subject was falls and the elderly; I chose this because I have worked in the community as a District nurse auxiliary and have a particular interest in promoting health for the elderly. Having downloaded this paper I had to write a precis of the paper in 300 words and e-mail as an attachment to our facilitator, testing our Information technology and literacy skills. To test our numerical skills, we had to complete an online test. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Study Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am now going to enter into the 2nd stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection which is about my feelings. Coming to university as a mature student is challenging, the reason I have come is to improve my prospects, despite my life experiences from work and home I do now feel unsure of what is expected of me in this unfamiliar environment. I haven’t studied for many years and now I have to learn many new skills how to keep to deadlines, access resources and take responsibility for my own learning. There are many areas of my study skills that I feel I need to strengthen: Listening skills as I often find in lectures that I switch off after a while! Oral presentations, I feel under confident when presenting my work in front of my group. Numeracy, this has always been my weakest subject ever since a child and I worry because numeracy is so important in nursing, the consequences of getting a calculation wrong could be life-threatening. Lastly managing my time is going to be a vital study skill that I need to improve on because as well as studying and placements I also have to run a home. Evaluation is the 3rd stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflector to state what was good and bad about the event. I enjoyed downloading a paper on the internet and writing a precis as I found the paper interesting, however I found e-mailing the precis as an attachment hard because I had to send the precis twice as the first attempt was unsuccessful this was because it was sent by Microsoft Works which doesn’t open attachments, I rectified this by converting to Microsoft Word and talking to my facilitator. The numerical test was tolerable, I find fractions and percentages hard, however before doing the test I went onto the BBC skillswise website and refreshed my numerical skills. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) model is an analysis of the event, where the reflector is encouraged to make sense of the situation. I will do this by exploring my understanding of Information technology, literacy and numerical skills at this stage. As I said before numeracy is important in nursing as the consequences of getting a calculation wrong could be fatal. There are many types of calculations I will encounter over the next three years e. g. drug administration, drip rates and blood pressure, it is therefore vital I come to terms with them now whilst I am a student, because when I qualify numeracy is an issue of accountability and I shall be accountable for my own practice (NMC Code of Conduct 2004). Literacy is an essential skill that defines professional nursing Bysshe (2006) states â€Å"The clear, precise, logical and appropriate expression of ideas, opinions and values in nursing is required for provision of quality care to patients and families†. At this point in my education, having proper literacy skills is crucial to my academic success. Information technology skills are important, if used properly I. T has the potential to transform nursing practice and patient care (McCannon 2000) As students we can learn so much from the internet, every subject is at our fingertips. It is vital we learn now as who knows where we will be in terms of I. T when we qualify. The public now have an increased knowledge in their health due to the internet, so its vital nurses stay up to date. Nursing is greatly affected by I. T, computers at bedsides in many hospitals; much of charting is now done electronically. If we do not stay current in all these skills, then we will not be nursing effectively enough. My action plan for the future is: listening skills- to be attentive, focus on what is being said, take good written notes. If I do not understand, not to drift off listen more carefully and don’t be afraid of asking questions. Oral presentations- I need to be prepared by researching my subject and practise until I feel comfortable, not to be shy, maintain eye contact and remember we are all in the same situation. Numeracy- I shall make time to study numeracy by using web resources e. g. learn direct and BBC skillswise. Managing my time- As far as my academic work is concerned I will try to prioritise tasks. Set aside a time and place in the home for working. Ask my facilitator for help if needed and use the student support service. In conclusion, stage 5 of the Gibbs (1988) model; I am aware that I do have study skills that need refreshing. As part of my action plan I have highlighted areas that I would like to develop in the future mainly numerical skills. My reflection skills have developed through this essay, I used Gibbs (1988) model of reflection because the stages of reflection are clear and helped me to structure my work. As a student nurse I have recognised that reflection is an important learning tool.

The Shack Review Essay Example

The Shack Review Paper Essay on The Shack I do not take offense. If water is very emotional. We passed. Not anymore. There are books that will tell the story retelling anything, there are those in which so many thoughts that cause to stop and think, and on different themes that distinguish at least one as a major just disconnect the book, so so much water. If the book can be told in two paragraphs, it would not be worth writing In the second and third. style, the originality of the writer, as the creator of a literary work about the book as a literary phenomenon, leaving their mark on the field of culture. Thus, I was trying to say that this book is a phenomenon rather for spiritual or psychic field of knowledge, But the following paragraph (I do not mind) is very similar to mockery in what book provides answers to all the questions? It is said in the Bible you do find them all there? And if it happens that one and the same question get two contradictory answers? For example: do not bury your talent and lilies do not care about their clothes But it is not a theological dispute and do not dispute. In this proposal, I have nothing to explain. Here, I said that, and wanted to say. Yes. There are questions and transient, who accidentally occur over a cup of coffee and you forget them, not so important, and then suddenly bang and thats it! Someone said to him accidentally. Eternal questions are those that ask themselves and other people, at least as many years as we can delve into the human memory, thanks in particular, and literature. And you can not question the book? Heres what is discussed review, understand the talents and abilities of readers to express their thoughts? Or are we still on the books will speak? You know, Id just had not responded to a review, which I would not have caught the book would be good, perhaps, missed because of incompetence of the author reviews This is why thank you for the comments. Indeed, poorly expressed. On another occasion, I will try anyway. By the way, w hat if you read (even if unable to read) a book, but you realize that its just not your genre, then what? How to say, so as not to offend the book, so that people were not conducted in the name and annotations? The Shack Review Essay Example The Shack Review Paper Essay on The Shack The book begins with the tragic story written quite movingly -. The father of three children die younger daughter at the hands of a maniac And then on the basis of this tragedy and despair of his father built a fantastic story of his encounter with God, in which he naturally already disillusioned The main character -. typical American, brought up on Sunday going to church and pray before going to bed and eating. If it was not over-religious component of the book, it still might be interested. But it is interesting, in fact, only to the middle. The further one reads, the more annoying primitive thinking of the protagonist, close and at times the most natural stupidity. But Paul Young himself is a typical American, so the book is more like a colorful brochure Baptists, with ewes houses, blue lakes, colorful glades and always smiling and singing people We will write a custom essay sample on The Shack Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Shack Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Shack Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the way, God is in this book -. woman Negro (surprisingly, all this is still not a lesbian!) I wanted to believe that Young Paul still pinned, but by reading the epilogue to the book, I realized that this guy really believes in what this book saves people. In general, nothing new for the mind or soul there can not be found. God is love ​​the slogan with posters of some sect. This book is only for US readers may be for Western Europe. In the annotation to the book is written, the author teaches the reader to destroy its stereotypes, but in fact replace one stereotype others come slightly higher level. Quote: - Im going crazy? Do I have to believe that God this is a big black woman with a questionable sense of humor Jesus laughed -. It destroys stereotypes. With it, you can always count on a couple of twists. She loves surprises and, though you may be, this has not noticed, has a perfect sense of time.  » By the way, despite the fact that in the Book of God says that he is not a Christian, Jesus is present in the plot constantly, and this divine story of his sacrifice is presented entirely textbook  «God loves you -.. Now this one sentence can describe the book If you are looking for answers to eternal questions about the meaning of life , the ability to forgive, reconcile you or the church (sect), or a psychologist. They will tell you all the same just not as tight and personally for you. Any modern psychological training will help you a lot more.

Children Without Fathers essays

Children Without Fathers essays "The deteriorating condition of children - ranging from violent boys and promiscuous girls to abused children of both sexes - has become a regular feature of the daily news. The linkage of these now-familiar conditions to Fatherlessness is empirically verified by a body of social and behavioral research. Because children represent the future of our society, these negative consequences are a social calamity in the making. It is a misfortune not just for those children affected by it but for every family member." Stats show Perhaps if we pressure the government into protecting the rights of fathers in addition to those of the mother, more children can benefit from the special relationship of TWO parents who care for them and are actively involved in their lives. Lets take a look at some statistics showing the effect the ABSENCE of a father has on the nearly 22% of American children in fatherless households: 63% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes (Source: U.S. D.H.H.S., Bureau of the Census) 90% of all homeless and runaway children are from fatherless homes 85% of all children that exhibit behavioral disorders come from fatherless homes (Source: Center for Disease Control) 80% of rapists motivated with displaced anger come from fatherless homes (Source: Criminal Justice 71% of all high school dropouts come from fatherless homes (Source: National Principals Association Report on the State of High Schools.) 75% of all adolescent patients in chemical abuse centers come from fatherless homes (Source: Rainbows for all God`s Children.) 70% of juveniles in state-operated institutions come from fatherless homes (Source: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Special Report, Sept 1988) 85% of all youths sitting in prisons grew up in a fatherless home (Source: Fulton Co. Georgia j...

Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Example

Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Example Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Millions and 1000000s of people drink cow’s milk every twenty-four hours. Milk has become an evident necessity in an copiousness of peoples’ lives. Many people use milk for breakfast such as on cereal. seting in their java or merely as a glass of milk with toast. At most food market shops. the picks are fat free. one per centum. two per centum. and whole milk. It is believed that milk as a beginning of Ca leads to strong castanetss. but this belief has its disparagers and has become controversial. Ads such as â€Å"Got Milk† have brainwashed us into believing that we â€Å"need† it. But most of the clip this cow’s milk is contaminated with growing endocrines and pesticides. In add-on. pasteurisation destroys about all the nutritionary value in cow’s milk. The disadvantages to imbibing cow’s milk far outweigh the advantages. Drinking milk causes increasing wellness jobs. and may even take to an over-intake of Ca which can be merely every bit debatable as non plenty. In the late nineteenth century. a turning figure of influential people throughout the state believed that American metropoliss had a milk job. Newspaper articles exposed the dismaying conditions in which cattles were fed slop. The state of affairs was known as â€Å"the milk problem† . ( Group III ) Named after Louis Pasteur. pasteurisation is a procedure that requires heating the milk to kill bacteriums and prevent spoilage. It was introduced for safety grounds. but because of the manner it depletes the milk. pasteurisation has led to many wellness jobs throughout the universe. Pasteurized milk is said to be much safer than natural milk and bring forth less wellness jobs. But how could it be when rBGH is injected into cattles doing them to bring forth between 10s and 20 per centum more milk? RBGH-treated animate beings have a 25 per centum greater opportunity of developing mastitis ( a potentially deathly redness of the bag ) . an 18 per centum greater opportunity of going infertile. and a 50 per centum greater opportunity of going square. ( Debating the Safety ) And if one thinks about it. it is upseting to believe we drink the milk that comes from those cattles. Prostate and chest malignant neoplastic diseases have been linked to ingestion of pasteurised milk. chiefly related to additions in a compound called insulin-like growing factors. Milk ingestion can besides lend to important sums of fat and cholesterin in our organic structures. ( Markoff ) Statisticss have besides shown that low milk consumption during childhood was associated with a higher opportunity of low bone denseness taking to osteoporosis. But statistics have besides shown that excessively high milk intake during childhood increased the opportunity of low bone denseness! ( Kalkworf 257-265 ) Along with bone denseness. adult females in the U. S. are the biggest consumers of milk in the universe. yet have the highest degrees of osteoporosis. ( Karpf ) Children grow up imbibing cow’s milk as portion of their mundane life non cognizing that it is harmful to them and their future wellness. Cow’s milk can impair a child’s ability to absorb Fe. Combined with the fact that milk has virtually no Fe of its ain. the consequence is an increased hazard of Fe lack. Children can besides hold reactions to milk proteins that show up as respiratory jobs and skin conditions. ( Markoff ) Cow’s milk proteins are a common cause of gripes. and now the American Academy of Pediatrics has concluded that there is grounds that cow’s milk may good lend to childhood-onset diabetes. Equally good as diabetes. fleshiness has become a job in the United States. Consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk has contributed to this due to the high degree of concentrated fat in it. ( Kalkworf ) Osteoporosis can be caused by non adequate Ca. but besides by excessively much Ca. That is because one time bones become saturated with excessively much Ca the ability to absorb more is inhibited. As many kids grow they start demoing marks of osteoporosis and it is from unstable Ca degrees. Pasteurized cow’s milk is a really common nutrient beginning of Ca. But there are other nutrient beginnings than milk and dairy merchandises that provide Ca. Foods such as leafy green veggies. nuts. beans and seeds. fish and shellfish. and addendums all are a beginning of Ca. Calcium beginnings such as Spinacia oleracea. benne seeds and Prunus dulciss have even more Ca than milk. ( Jamerson ) Humans are the lone mammals that drink another animal’s milk. There are many other milk options such as soy. Prunus dulcis and coconut. One ground that cow’s milk is non every bit good as a bastioned option is that milk contains lactose doing it more acidic. Approximately 75 per centum of the world’s population is lactose intolerant. which means that they are unable to to the full digest dairy merchandises. Lactase is the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar. and most people stop bring forthing it around the age of 5. ( Calcium and Milk ) Another ground cow’s milk is non good is its nutritionary value. When cow’s milk is pasteurized it kills bacteriums but it besides destroys the healthful foods. increasing sugars and fats and transforming proteins into unnatural amino acids that are less than healthy. hence bring forthing less Ca. ( Mercola ) Ever since we were immature. we believed that milk was good for us and our parents ever told us. â€Å"Drink your milk. so you grow up to be strong and healthy. † It is true that Ca builds strong castanetss. but it doesn’t mean that the sum in cow’s milk needfully does. Due to pasteurisation. cow’s milk is said to hold less Ca. ( Mercola ) It is frequently argued that pasteurised cow’s milk is much safer than other milk due to the violent death of bacteriums and pesticides. Of class. many would see the benefits ; nevertheless. pasteurisation kills the good bacteriums and much of the foods to supply a healthful diet. ( Debating the Safety ) Opposing positions claim that cow’s milk helps cut down the hazard of osteoporosis. In fact. they go every bit far as claiming that it will wholly forestall osteoporosis and aid strengthen castanetss. On the other manus. statistics show that consumers of milk have a greater opportunity of osteoporosis. ( Karpf ) Cow ownership and the many resources cattles provide have been a portion of our history for centuries. Cow’s milk has been a pillar in the human diet. For most of this clip it was natural milk that was consumed. and it was non until the last hundred old ages that pasteurisation came into drama. By this clip. milk as a fundamental in our diet had been established. so doing it safer by killing harmful bacteriums seemed a great thought. However. imbibing pasteurised cow’s milk has led to a complex array of wellness jobs such as high cholesterin. diabetes. gripes. lactose intolerance. and osteoporosis. There is dissension over the sum of Ca really in cow’s milk. and whether or non ingestion of cows’ milk contributes to osteoporosis. Although doing milk safer to imbibe. pasteurisation is said to compromise the nutritionary value of milk. and hence alternate Ca beginnings should be considered. Cow’s milk genuinely does non supply the benefits that the â€Å"Got Milk† commercials would wish us to believe. â€Å"Calcium and Milk: What’s Best for Your Bones and Health? † Harvard School of Public Health. President and Fellows of Harvard College. n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. . â€Å"Debating the Safety of Milk from rBGH-Treated Cows ( sidebar ) . † Facts on File Issues and Controversies. Facts on File. 12 Feb. 1999. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. . Group III. Edward F. . Dr. â€Å"Pasteurized V. Natural Milk: Which One Is Healthier for You amp ; Your Family? † Global Healing Center: Natural Health and Organic Living. Global Healing Center. 28 Sept. 2009. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . Jamerson. Ann. â€Å"Sources of Calcium Other Than Milk. † Livestrong. Demand Media. 8 Sept. 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. . Kalkworf. Heidi J. . Jane C. Khoury. and Bruce P. Lanphear. â€Å"Milk consumption during childhood and adolescence. grownup bone denseness. and osteoporotic breaks in US adult females. † The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 ( 2003 ) : 257-65. Print. Karpf. Anne. â€Å"Dairy Monsters. † The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. 12 Dec. 2003. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. . Markoff. Steven C. â€Å"Is Drinking Milk Healthy for Humans. † ProCon. N. p. . 6 Aug. 2009. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. . Mercola. Joseph. Dr. â€Å"Why You Shouldn’t Drink Pasteurized Milk. † Huffington Post. HuffingtonPost. 3 June 2010. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.

Globalization commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization commerce - Essay Example Communication across the globe is the main reason behind the expansion of market and commerce. Moreover, the advancements in the field of transportation have also modified the standards of globalized trade and commerce. The idea behind globalization of commerce is to maximize the opportunities for production and sales. Over the last few decades a lot of companies based in the developed countries have transferred their production units to under developed or less developed countries (Dunning 67-68). The reason behind expanding businesses across borders is to undermine the opportunities like new consumer base, access to raw materials, and cheaper labor. When foreign investors bring their capital to the under developed countries, it automatically improves the revenue generation of a country. Moreover it offers jobs that help in improving employment statistics of a country. Overall, the idea of globalization is a progressive one; however, there are some flaws that include exploitation of cheap labor, export of quality produce to foreign countries, inequality, and injustice. Over the years several laws have been made for improving the living standards of the labor, the fight for labor rights has yielded in strict government policies and wage threshold. However, these laws are only applicable in the developed countries, while people living in the under developed regions do not have these securities. Therefore foreign investors look for countries that do not follow these laws, and hence they extract maximum by spending minimum. Further, globalized commerce offers tough competition for the organizations as well as the country, though competition leads to improvement in quality and quantity, but it also eliminate the weaker competitors, which is obviously not good, if one considers the current unemployment statistics. To conclude one can say that globalization maximizes the scale of opportunities, but if it is not implemented properly there are several

The Variability Of Sound Velocity Through Cycles Of Neap And Spring Essay

The Variability Of Sound Velocity Through Cycles Of Neap And Spring - Essay Example METHODS Because a variety of water conditions were used to obtain data for the study, it was possible to obtain a wide range of results. The study was an oceanographic survey, which was conducted during the spring and neap phase of the tidal cycle at the Dart and Tamar estuaries. This offered a thorough observation of water column through a period of low water and high water. The table below shows the details of the project: Location 1: River Tamar is found in southwestern England, and forms the border between Devon (to the east) and Plymouth city (to the west). Before entering Plymouth Sound, River Tamar at its mouth, flows into the Hamoaze where it joins with River Lynher. The source of River Tamar is less than four miles (6 km) from the north Cornish coast, and it drains southward. Having a tidal length of thirty-two kilometres from its seaward end, the Tamar estuary is a partially mixed, mesotidal estuary. For about fifty miles, the River Tamar flows south to the English Channel, coursing its way through steep wooded country in its middle reaches. This location was used to collect data profiles during spring tides on December 07, 2005, between the time range of 09:40am to 16:00pm, and during neap tides on December 11, 2005 between the time ranges of 08:00am to 14:10pm.

A Multimedia Thesis Project Essay Example for Free

A Multimedia Thesis Project Essay During the 16th-17th century, when the Philippines was still under the control of Spain, the Jesuit Historian, Father Pedro Chirino, wrote in 1604 about the baptism of two deaf Filipino in Dulac, Leyte by Father Francisco De Otaco. Father Ramon De Prado, the vice-provincial priest taught these two deaf Filipinos and they were the first deaf Filipino who learned to use the Filipino Sign Language. The older Deaf, Raymundo shared his knowledge to five to ten deaf men during a mission. 300 years later, the first influence of American Sign Language came here in the Philippines thru Delight Rice, the hearing American teacher who established the School for the Deaf in 1907 in Manila (PDRC and PFD. 2004.) The school still exists today as the Philippines School for the Deaf (PSD) (HV 2474 F55 2005 Pt.1 from DLS-CSB). Filipino Sign Language is certainly natural and a unique visual language of the Deaf Filipinos. The grammar, structure and syntax or arrangements of the Filipino Sign Language (FSL) are equal or the same as in the spoken language. FSL has its Filipino Deaf culture and identity. However, Filipino Sign Language is not a written system. (Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc., Macky Calbay and Raphael Domingo) Sign languages communicate ideas through hands like spoken languages. However, sign languages do not need sounds and voice. It needs hands, face and other parts of the body to communicate in visual ways. The visual signs, helps the deaf to understand the message it conveys through the eyes. Signs must be clear in order to be understood in the eyes of the deaf, which the brain process, interprets and meanings comprehended. The basic parts of signs are hand shapes, location, movement, palm orientation and non-manual signals. Many people think of sign languages as a language of the hands but the research in linguistics revealed that sign language includes not only one or both hands, but also the different parts of the trunk, arms, neck, head and face. Hand shape, movement and number of hands used may be grouped together. A sign language follows many groups of rules. The parts of signs and their meanings, whole, signs, and the grammar of sentences are separate rules. Several words are put together to form a sentence, and the exchange of these sentence forms a dialogue. Examples of dialogue are conversations, stories, humor and poetry. When a sign is produced by itself, it may look different from when it is actually used in a conference. The important part of the sign language is the connection between two or more conversing people. Social factors are important in studying signs during the conference. It is because the sign language is not only for relaying messages but also for social interaction. The sign used for a word is influenced by one’s emotions. For example, the word â€Å"sorry† is signed in just one way, but when added with emotions, it could have different meanings. The signs are shown to the complexity of their grammatical function. In spoken languages, words act certainly according to their grammatical class.  In sign languages, signs may function differently depending on the sentence structure, and context of the conference. So, it is common for a single sign to shift functions as a noun, verb, or adjective in different sentences, conversations or contexts. Since sign languages are not written systems, the use of words came from a written language and the grammatical function of the sign must carefully avoid being perplexed. For example, a word for a sign that can be a noun in English, but the sign itself can function as a noun or adjective. In Grammar classes, there are the same kinds of grammatical groups are getting into sign language. In ASL, there are different classes of verbs that have been described. The verbs may include different kinds of information such as: where the action takes place, or who does the action (subject) and who receives the action (object). It can be same to some sign couples in FSL. Examples of these noun-verb/adjective couples in FSL are LOW-BATTERY, BATTERY-FULL. Sign languages are different from spoken languages or written. A sign may be used as a noun, adjective or verb that depends on the sentence. Sometimes, a single sign can already be similar a share of a sentence or even a whole sentence. For example, the single sign â€Å"observe† may already mean, I observe her carefully. There are classifiers in the traditional signs appearing in FSL. These can be easy classifier hand shapes to understand classifier predicates. The classifiers observed in FSL also have classifier hand shapes and movement roots like those described in ASL and BSL. An example is the sign LRT/MRT. The classifier hand shape is the whole object type the hand shape looks like the rail transit car. The movement of the classifier is a process movement root. The LRT/MRT moves forward. The straightforward movement of the hand represents the forward action of the LRT/MRT. In Nouns, the signs included in a group have always been noted in a dialogue as nouns. The traditional signs included food, events, places, persons and various objects. It included also common and proper nouns. For example,  MANGO, ELECTRIC FAN, JOLLIBEE, HAPPY etc In Nouns/Verbs, the signs may switch in grammatical class that depends on the dialogue structure. The signs however, show to only have a single form unconcerned of their grammatical function. Most of them cannot be able to show always the movement repetitions strongly characteristic of noun-verbs pairs in American Sign Language. For example, AGREE, AGREEMENT, CONCLUSION/CONCLUDE etc In Nouns/Adjectives, the signs are noted to have nominal or adjectival functions. For example, BETTER, FAST, HOT, HAPPINESS, EXHAUSTED etc In Verbs/Adjectives, the signs are noted to be used as adjectival predicates. For example, CORRUPT/TO BE CORRUPT, PASSIVE/TO BE PASSIVE, SUFFER/BE IN SUFFERING etc In Lexicalized Finger spelled signs, the signs are aged which are more commonly noted among Deaf signers in their forties to sixties. Examples of Lexicalized Finger spelled signs are #AIRCORN, #TV etc In Lexicalized Initialized signs, the signs are from variant grammatical classes and used two or three decades. For example, ANYBODY, 13 PESO, GRADE VII etc In Structurally complex signs, the signs placed together since features of their structure are not as straightforward as the other signs shown so far. Signs included compound signs and agreement verbs. For example, HOW MUCH, DONT KNOW, HARDHEAD etc In Semantically complex signs, the signs groups included idioms, belonging to variants of ASL, possessive pronouns, negations, various phrases, and classifier predicates (signers perspective). For example, DESTROY FOOD, PLEASE, RUDE etc (IDIOM) FSL signs showed to be adverbs. The non-manual signal noted in FSL signs that  moves of the tongue. The tongue of non-manual signs is same but their meaning is mixed-up, not clear or hard to understand. For example TEXT-GARBLED describes a text message that is hard to understand. In FSL, the pointing pronouns are noted in commonly using among Deaf Filipino signers which usually include the index finger. The signs use an open hand. They show ownership or possessions. The question is always used by FSL sign. The eye gaze is forward the person who asked the question. The first location of the hand is near the object being talked about. The last location of the hand, and its palm, faces the person being asked. One example of pronouns is the TOUCH-MINE. In space as time, the place where the signer stands represents the time now. The space in front of the signer shows the future and the space behind the signer shows the past. Signs related to time such as LATELY, NEXT DAY, LAST WEEK AGO, NOW are produced at different points of this timeline. One example of time is the TOMORROW-TOMORROW, LAST-TWO-YEARS etc In idioms, there are several signs that are called Deaf idioms in the book Love Signs. But, the need is more researching if the signs are all true idioms. It uses expressions unique to Deaf Filipino signers. For example, the sign ISTAMBAY of the literal meaning is a person who stands around for a long time. The figurative meaning can be a verb or adjective, describing a jobless person. A sentence is a group of words that completes ideas and can be followed by a period, question mark or exclamation point. There are two most important of English grammar; knowledge of writing and allows students to study the grammar of other languages completely. There are the most important elements of the sentence, the verb, subject, direct object, indirect object, complement, multiple-word modifiers, modifiers, clauses and phrases. Sometimes, many sentences have only a verb and a subject. It also includes the parts of speech; noun and articles, verbs and verbals, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions and conjunctions. A subject is the name of a person, animal, place, thing and event that the sentence about. For example, â€Å"The house is a big†. The house is the subject of the verb big, answering the question who or what big? Another example, â€Å"The tiger eats the animal†. The tiger is the subject of the verb eats, answering the question who or what eats the animal; he tiger eats the animal. A verb is a word that describes an action. For example, â€Å"The goat eats grass†. The verb eats describes the action performed by the subject goat. Another example, â€Å"Deaf people walk on the street†. The verb walk describes the action performed by the subject Deaf people. A direct object is the noun that receives the action. For example, â€Å"Everyone ruins your precious things†. What is the action? ruins. What receives the action? precious things, it is the direct object of the verb ruins. Another example, â€Å"Your friend got your ballpen†. What receives the action? ballpen. Ballpen is the direct object of the verb got. An indirect object is the noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. For example, â€Å"The professor helps his student’s education†. The direct object of helps is education. His student is the indirect object. Another example, â€Å"I give the laptop to you†. The direct object of give is laptop. You is the indirect object. Complement is the word or words that complete the meaning of verbs that express feeling, appearing, being, or seeming. Such verbs are classified as copulative or linking verbs. For example, â€Å"I am feeling sick†. The verb feeling does not describe action, but does describe a state of being. Feeling links the subject I with sick is the complement of feeling. Another example, â€Å"His family seems worried of you†. The copulative verb seems links his family and worried, the complement of seems. Modifiers may be a single word or groups of words, make the identity that describes a verb, subject, direct object, indirect object, complements or  other modifier. For example, â€Å"My brother eats quickly his dinner†. The verb eats is made more precise is modified by quickly his dinner. Another example, â€Å"They lost my new laptop†. The direct object laptop is modified by my new. Multiple-word modifiers are included of phrases or clauses. A phrase is a logical grouping of words that does not contain a subject verb, while a clause is a logical grouping of words that does contain a subject and verb. For example, â€Å"My sister who was the only who love me goes to my graduation†. In this sentence, the clause who was the only who love me modifies my sister; the phrases to my graduation modifies goes. The first multiple word modifiers have both subject who and verb love. For this reason, the modifier is a clause. To my graduation has neither subject nor verb, so it is a phrase. A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb. It may also include an object or complement, an indirect object and modifiers. If it makes a complete idea and can stand alone as a sentence, it is called an independent clause. On the other hand, if it cannot stand alone as a sentence, it is called a subordinate or dependent clause. For example, â€Å"My family and I eat our lunch together and then we go to the mall†. This sentence consists of two independent clauses. Each clause has its own subject and verb: My family and I eat, we go. Either clause can stand as a complete sentence. Each makes a statement that does not depend on the other. The conjunction here is and, which is classified as a coordinating conjunction. Other coordinating conjunctions are but, for, so, or, nor and yet. A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not include a subject and a verb. It has many forms and functions. It is useful to learn and recognize phrases and to identify their functions as modifiers, subjects, complements and objects. For example, â€Å"His hobby was playing basketball†. The phrase playing basketball functions as the complement of was, a copulative verb. Playing is also a gerund. Another example, â€Å"My classmates want to finish their project early†. The phrase to finish their project  early is the object of want. Notice that to finish is an infinitive, which is one of the three types of verbals. In Grammar classes, there are classifiers in a spoken language as nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs. It includes pronouns and prepositions that have a more limited meaning. They can display relationships between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In spoken languages, a word cannot be able to change its meaning. For example, if a word is a noun, it is always used as a noun. It does not develop into a verb, adjective, or adverb. In a spoken language, an idiom is a group of words with a unique meaning. It has two meanings, its literal and figurative meanings. The literal meaning is the independent meaning of the words, put together as a group, while the figurative meaning is the new meaning of the whole group of words. The new figurative meaning may not be related at all to the literal meaning of the words. Problem The Deaf students of the School of Deaf Education in Applied and Studies, De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde has a problem on English grammar because they do not know how to use the structure of the English language. They also believe that the sign languages structure is the same or similar to the written English. As a result, it is hard for them to communicate with the hearing people through writing. Solution Through the creation of websites that utilizes flash player to describe the structures of FSL and Written English which can be arranged in such a way that the visual animation highlights the difference between the FSL and the written English structures. This way, it will be more meaningful and can be easily understood, remembered and applied by the deaf and as well as the  hearing students in communicating with each other. Furthermore, the students can understand the differences in using FSL structure and English written rules. Description of the Project Objectives †¢ To encourage the deaf students to understand the structural difference between the Filipino Sign Language (FSL) and the written English. †¢ To help Deaf students know how to translate FSL to written English by conceptualization, and Hearing students to translate written English to FSL by conceptualization. †¢ To promote and encourage the hearing people to understand the structures of sign language (FSL) and use it to communicate with the deaf. †¢ To assist the Deaf people how to communicate with the hearing people through written English. †¢ To create the flash website visually that can help hearing and deaf people to understand easily the structures of FSL and Written English. Target Audience †¢ Deaf and hearing people †¢ College students Medium Websites that uses flash player. Adobe Photoshop is a graphic editing program that makes easily website which  it can support website. ( (I CAN’T UNDERSTAND THIS KUYA!!!!) Video or Adobe Premiere is a technology of recording that supports website to make deaf and hearing people easily understandable. Pre-Production Process Project Step 1: Brainstorming to choose good topics related to Deaf issues Step 2: Choose three best topics pertaining to Deaf issues Step 3: Submit to my instructor the topics pertaining to Deaf issues Step 4: Consultation with my instructor to explain to me how to write the document Step 4: Share the topics to my classmates to help me select the best topic Step 5: Consultation with my Coordinator for editing my topic Step 6: Ask my English and FSL coordinators their opinion and to suggest what is the best topic to be written Step 7: Approval of the chosen topic by my CG coordinator Step 8: Research on the books related to my selected topic Step 9: Consult with my English and FSL coordinator Step 10: Writing paper (context) Step 11: Review and edit the paper Step 12: Draft sample design that is related to my topic Step 13: Print the paper Step 14: Final presentation Conclusion Therefore, this paper can be the seed to help both the deaf and hearing people understand the difference in structures of FSL and written English in an easy manner. For Deaf people, this paper will help them how to translate FSL to written English. Likewise, it will help the hearing people on translating written English to FSL. Furthermore, it will also help the hearing and deaf people to communicate with each other easily. The creation of websites utilizing flash player as visual aids highlighting the difference between the FSL and the written English structures will assist both the deaf and hearing people in communicating among themselves and with each other. It will also enhance the communication skills of the individuals; provide greater opportunities in understanding the world of the silent people, knowledge, cooperation and collaboration for the greater and common good of the society. References Tiongson, Peripi A., Hermosisima, Jun, Domingo, Raphael and Bustos, Marie Therese A. (ED.) (2004). AN INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE: Part l. Understanding Structure | Easy to read version |. [pp. 1-160] Filipino: Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc. TRADITIONAL SIGNS. (2004), AN INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE: Part ll: Traditional and Emerging Signs [pp.1-154] Philippines: Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc. Estiller-Corpuz, Marites Racquel [ED.]. Filipino Sign Language; A complication of signs from regions of the Philippines, Filipino: Philippine Federation of the Deaf. Ehrlich, Eugene (2000, 1991, 1976). SCHAUMS OUTLINES: English Grammar, American: McGraw-Hill companies, Inc. Annex Initial design (Website) Gantt Chart Daily TR

The Concept of Charismatic Leadership theory

The Concept of Charismatic Leadership theory The study of leadership has been important to humans since the dawn of civilisation, the concept of leadership; leader and follower were represented in Egyptian hieroglyphics written 5,000 years ago. Between 400 and 300BC the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle wrote about leadership and the requirements, characteristics, and education of leaders (Paul, et al. 2002). Leadership is central to the human condition (Wren, 1995) and has found to be important to all societies, although specific patterns of behaviour vary overtime and across cultures (Bass, 1990). Leadership theories have evolved in the last century to the point where they began to be the basis for models that accurately describe the activities of leaders with good correlation to their success in some situations (Antonakis House, 2002), (Yukl, 2006a). Meindl (1990) leadership can best be understood as a perception that plays a key role in peoples efforts to make sense of organisational phenomena. According to his view, organisational systems, activities, and events are hard to comprehend because they are ambiguous and complex. Nevertheless, organisational members and observers have a need to make sense of their environment to preserve an illusion of understanding and control. Because leadership provides a convenient and plausible explanation for important, but causally ambiguous outcomes, it is overused as an explanatory category. Essentially, attributers romanticise leadership as a causal determinant of organisational processes and performance. In a sense, supervisory theories of leadership are about leadership in organisations. Strategic theories of leadership are concerned with leadership of organisations, see (Hunt, 1991) and are marked by a concern for the evolution of the organisation as a whole, including its changing aims and capabilities (Selznick, 1984). Strategic leadership focuses on the people who have overall responsibility for the organisation and includes not only the titular head of the organisation but also members of what is referred to as the top management team or dominant coalition (Cyert March, 1963). As (Mintzberg, 1989) argues, strategy can be understood as a pattern, that is, consistency in behaviour over time. In the strategy process, there may be intentions that are fully realised as well as fully unrealised strategies. In addition, the strategy may emerge. 2.1 General Leadership Theories 2.1.1 Phases of leadership theories The earliest modern literature on leadership appeared in the nineteenth century. This earliest generation of leadership research was set out from the assertion that the emergence of leaders must be connected with certain inherited endowments. There was even a book named Hereditary Genius (Galton, 1970). A comprehensive review of leadership research, published in handbook form, was produced by (Stogdill, 1974). In this handbook, he provided evidence that leadership traits vary not only from situation to situation, but also from time to time. Only a few components remain comparatively consistent over time. Subsequent editions of this handbook were revised by Bass, who is Stogdills successor (Stogdill Bass, 1981) and (Bass, 1990a). In the later edition Bass drew further evidence from later research and identified traits which were steadily relevant to leadership effectiveness. These included activity level, task competence, interpersonal competence, authoritarianism, power orientation and Machiavellianism, value, needs, well-being, accorded status and esteem, and charisma. (Locke et al. 1991) produced a similar list. Since then, the pace of development has mounted as the need for its application intensified following the development of society especially in business management after World War II. In terms of classifying this evolution, a widely accepted view was suggested by (Hunt, 1999a). According to his argument, this evolution can be divided into three generations; namely: trait theory, situational-contingency theory and transformational leadership theory In all it was later accepted that the trait approach failed to prove that there was a set of gifted traits, which made people become leaders. Researchers then mostly turned to the new assumption that leadership can be taught and learned under a proper set of principles according to (Lee Thomas, 2007). Bass also added an extra chapter to the handbook, and this was dedicated to charismatic and inspirational leadership style. Charismatic leadership is actually one of the most important areas in leadership theory since it has the longest acknowledgement in the literature and actually spans across all the three generations of leadership studies. (Weber, 1924, 1947 1968) was the first to mention the concept of charisma. He saw charisma as a special kind of leadership trait that can lead organisations to get through periods of crisis successfully. Since the mid-1970s, research interest in charismatic leadership was shifted from Webers view of crisis rescuer to an emphasis on those leaders who could effect extraordinary influence continuously. It was found that charismatic leaders could usually improve organisational performance through their own behaviour and that this could have a powerful effect on the morale of their followers. This kind of leadership is referred to by the situational-contingency school of researchers as charismatic leadership e.g. (Adair, 1973), (Kets de Vries, 1984) and (Conger Kanungo, 1987a), transformational leadership e.g. (Burns, 1978a) and (Bass, 1985a), inspirational leadership e.g. (Yuki Van Fleet, 1982) or visionary leadership e.g. (Bennis Nanus, 1985a) and (Sashkin, 1988a). Later, researchers in the generation of transformational leadership also classified it as change management (Bass, 1990b). The first author to differentiate between charismatic and inspirational leadership was (Downton, 19 73). He pointed out that the followers endorsement of charismatic leaders is based on blind faith in the leaders, whereas the endorsement of inspirational leaders is based on the rationale that the followers believe and share the leaders vision and strategy. 3.1 The Concept of Charismatic Leadership (up to 1992) and how it fits in to the general leadership theories 3.1.1 Theoretical background of charismatic leadership The term charisma, whose initial meaning is a gift in Greek, has been frequently used in politics and religion to adduce legitimacy to power. (Weber, 1968) defined it as an individuals personality quality (or at least, specifically exceptional powers or qualities) by virtue of which he/she is set apart from ordinary people and which thus legitimises his/her exercise of influence. (House, 1977a) developed a theory of charismatic leadership which is among the first attempts to build a comprehensive theoretical basis for studying the topic. Leadership theory, alternatively referred to as charismatic, transformational, visionary, or inspirational, has emerged in the organisational literatures of (House, 1977b), (Burns, 1978b), (Bass, 1985b), (Bennis Nanus, 1985b), (Tichy Devanna, 1986), (Boal Bryson, 1988), Conger Kanungo, 1987b), (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987), (Sashkin, 1988b). Relating to this new genre of leadership theory, such leaders transform the needs, values, preferences and aspira tions of followers from self-interest to collective interests. Further, they cause followers to become highly committed to the leaders mission, to make significant personal sacrifices in the interest of the mission, and perform above and beyond the call of duty. Theories of charismatic leadership highlighted such effects as emotional attachment to the leader on the part of the followers; emotional and motivational arousal of the followers; enhancement of follower valences with respect to the mission articulated by the leader; follower self-esteem, trust, and confidence in the leader; follower values; and follower intrinsic motivation according to (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993a). The integration of charismatic leadership theory with the upper echelons perspective in an attempt to better understand the leadership role of chief executive officers (CEOs) was reviewed by (Waldman, Javidan Varella, 2004). They proposed that emerging charismatic leadership theory and research may provide new possibilities for the upper echelons perspective. In the past, leadership theory has been seen as the domain of organisational behaviour and micro-oriented perspectives. (House, 1999) organisational behaviourists are generally more psychologically oriented and define charisma as one of the following: a relationship between an individual (leader) and others (followers) based on deeply held shared ideological (as opposed to material) values; an individual who accomplishes unusual feats through the efforts of followers who are exceptionally loyal to the leader, have a high degree of trust in the leader, and are willing to make personal sacrifices in the interest of the leaders vision and the collective led by the leader; a complex set of personal characteristics and/or behaviours of an individual that leads to the above outcomes. The specific traits and behaviours are defined somewhat differently among the organisational behaviourists theories. Organisational behaviourists have used all three of the above definitions, none of which are incompatible with the others. Charismatic leadership is assumed to have three core components: envisioning, empathy, and empowerment according to Conger (2006), increasing attention has been directed during the past several decades toward charismatic leadership. Charisma represents a potentially key construct relevant to strategic leadership (Pawar Eastman, 1997). Apparently, a recent theoretical perspective has begun to link charisma to strategic leadership. For example (Finkelstain Hambrick, 1996) acknowledged that charismatic leadership could affect firm performance in one of several ways. First, the values of such leaders could influence strategic choices through their impact on their field of vision, their perception and interpretation of information, and their strategic decision making. Furthermore, the day-to-day actions and behaviours on the part of charismatic chief executive officers could also affect organisational functioning and performance. Unfortunately, in their view, they did not make potential linkages between charisma and performance especially clear and, indeed, devoted little attention to such linkages in their consideration of strategic leadership. Conger Kanungo (1992) developed a model that focuses on several behavioural dimensions of charismatic leadership within organisations. According to the model, charismatic leadership is an attribution based on followers perceptions of their leaders behaviour. The leaders observed behaviour is interpreted by followers as expressions of charisma in the same sense as a leaders behaviours reflect that individuals participative, people and task orientations. Charismatic leaders differ from other leaders by their ability to formulate and articulate an inspirational vision and by behaviours and actions that foster an impression that they and their mission are extraordinary. As such, individuals choose to follow such leaders in management settings not only because of formal authority but out of perceptions of extraordinariness. Thus any measurement of charismatic leadership must be based on followers perceptions of the specific behavioural attributes of the leader that engender such outcomes . The Conger-Kanungo model proposed several distinguishing behavioural components in three distinct stages of the leadership process. A number of different behaviours may lead to perceptions of charisma (Bass Avolio, 1993), (Conger Kanungo, 1987c) and (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993b). Following earlier experimental research by (Yorges, Weiss Strickland, 1999), they demonstrated that a leader making personal sacrifices to achieve the collective vision rather than personally benefiting from his or her action was perceived as more charismatic. The more recent psychological and organisational behaviour literature has dealt with these variables rather extensively, arguing that charismatic leaders strongly appeal to the values and self-concepts of followers by articulating radical solutions to their problems (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993c). 4.1 Development of Charismatic Leadership (post 1992) In the past decade, the bulk of leadership research has focused on transformational and charismatic leadership (Judge Piccolo, 2004). In sharp contrast to the rational nature of the transactional leadership paradigm of the 1960s and 1970s (Bass, 1990e), transformational and charismatic leadership theories (Bass, 1985c), (Burns, 1978c), (Conger Kanungo, 1998a) and (House, 1977c) recognised the affective and emotional needs and responses of followers performance, placing more emphasis on the emotional, inspirational, and symbolic aspects of leadership influence (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993d) and (Conger Kanungo, 1998b). Attempts to integrate the multiple theories of transformational and charismatic leadership reveal many commonalities, including leader vision and a charismatic communication style (House Shamir, 1993) and (Kirkpatrick Locke, 1996). Newer frameworks that can be applied to leadership theory include meso-level paradigms that attempt to provide an integration of micro and macro organisational behaviour (House et al. 1995) and (Hunt Dodge, 2001). Concurrent with the development of meso-level paradigms, the field of leadership has witnessed an infusion of theory dealing with charismatic and inspirational leadership. 4.1.1 Realisation of Vision content and organisational performance Drawing from the communication literatures, (Holladay Coombs, 1993 and 1994) invoked the concepts of message content and delivery to explain the two-step process whereby charismatic leaders initially craft and then articulate an idealised vision. An idealised vision is generally considered to be a prerequisite for a leader to become transformational or charismatic e.g. (Bass, 1988). Once formulated, the vision must be articulated to mobilise followers to pursue it. Studies in the past decade have identified six behaviours exhibited more frequently by charismatic leaders than by non-charismatic leaders. These include: vision and articulation; sensitivity to member needs; environmental sensitivity; unconventional behaviour; taking personal risks; and not maintaining the status quo as defined by the Conger-Kanungo scale (Conger Kanungo, 1994a). Envisioning involves creating an overall picture of a desired future state with which people can identify and which can generate excitement. In addition to formulating a vision, they are adept at communicating the vision and infusing day-to-day work with a larger sense of purpose and greater intrinsic appeal (Conger, 1989a). Most charismatic leaders, therefore, are known as persuasive speakers. They often rely on various rhetorical techniques such as metaphors, analogy, and stories to inculcate key ideas into the followers minds, so that their message would have a profound impact on followers (Conger, 1989b). (Awamleh Gardner, 1999) suggested an agenda for research to clarify. In particular, the joint effects of vision content, delivery, organisational performance cues, and generalised leadership beliefs on perceived charisma and leader effectiveness warrant empirical attention. Accordingly, in their study they projected three key objectives: to explore the combined effects of vision content and delivery on perceptions of leader charisma and effectiveness; to investigate the relative effects of performance outcomes on these perceptions; and to examine the effects of generalised beliefs about leadership (i.e., romance of leadership disposition) on leadership perceptions. To put the results in perspective, they reconsidered (Lord Mahers, 1993) definition of leadership as the process of being perceived by others as a leader. Accordingly, when people use prototypes to infer leadership, strong delivery of an idealised and well articulated vision will lead to perceptions of charisma and leader effectiveness. These perceptions, in turn, provide the leader with an attentive audience of followers who will be highly receptive to the leaders influence attempts. On the other hand, when followers use organisational outcomes to assess leadership qualities, high performance appears to similarly enhance the leaders image of charisma and effectiveness. Importantly, such perceptions will in turn provide the leader with greater leverage in influencing others. Their point is that the recognition and inferential models are not mutually exclusive. To maximise their influence potential, leaders must provide a strongly articulated and idealised vision, and successfully at tain high performance outcomes. 4.1.2 Charismatic leadership and followers outcomes (Conger, 1999a) over the last decade and a half, highlighted that the topic areas of charismatic and transformational leadership in organisational settings have undergone a significant evolution in terms of both theory development and empirical investigations. Both the greatest amount of theory development as well as empirical research on charismatic and transformational leadership has been in the area of leader behaviours and, to a lesser extent, on follower effects. This was due largely to the backgrounds of the most active researchers, almost all of whom have had a strong behavioural orientation. While there have been a number of individuals studying either transformational or charismatic leaders e.g. (Bennis Nanus, 1985c) and (Kouzes Posner, 1987).Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z., 1987. . The leadership challenge Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Three principal leadership processes are involved (Bass, 1985d)Bass, B.M., 1985. . Leadership and performance beyond expectations Free Press, New York. in achieving such outcomes: these leaders heighten followers awareness about the importance and value of designated goals and the means to achieve them; they induce followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the collective and its goals; and they stimulate and meet their followers higher order needs through the leadership process and the mission. Bass was the first organisational scholar to operationalise the transformational leadership model into a measurement instrument. As a result, more studies employ his scale than any of the other models proposed to date. As such, today four behavioural components make up the dimensions of transformational leadership: charisma or idealised influence; inspiration; intellectual stimulation; and individualised consideration. In contrast to the other theories, charisma is a separate component and is defined in terms of both the leaders behaviour (such as role modeling) and the followers reactions (such as trust, respect, and admiration for the leaders ability) (Conger, 1999b). (Bono LLies, 2006) suggested that positive emotions play a role in the charismatic leadership process in an extensive literature linking positive affect to the same outcomes achieved by charismatic leaders (e.g., cooperation, task performance, motivation, creativity). Their aim was to examine the effects of leaders positive emotional expressions on follower mood and perceptions. They discovered that charismatic leaders express more positive emotions than do less charismatic leaders and that leaders positive emotional expressions have a direct effect on follower mood. Furthermore, they argued that both leaders emotional expressions and follower mood had independent effects on perceptions of leadership effectiveness and attraction to a leader. First, (Isen, 2004) has demonstrated that positive change is associated with task performance, particularly on creative tasks, though these effects are not universal, as (George Zhou, 2002) demonstrated that under certain conditions positive mood was negatively associated with creativity. Other studies linked group affective tone (i.e., positive group mood) to group effort and coordination (Sy, Cote Saavedra, 2005), improved cooperation and decreased conflict among group members (Barsade, 2002), and subjective assessments of performance (Totterdel, 2000) and (Fredericksons, 2003) broadened-and-built theory posits that positive emotions broaden the relationship between thought and action, leading to increased novelty and exploration of ideas on the part of employees who experience them. (Rousseau, 1998) suggested the possibility that high-quality relationships may develop even when only a few well specified and important resources are exchanged, such as hard work for high pay. In the recent work of (Cicero Pierro, 2007a), they reviewed that leadership and work outcomes are associated to social identification processes, referring both to recent developments of charismatic leadership models and to the recent developments of the social identity analysis applied to the workplace, e.g. (Abrams Hogg, 2001). Two field surveys were conducted using 200 Italian public and private sector employees (two different working organisations). Two questionnaires were designed in order to collect data. They included different measures of charismatic leadership derived by the literature e.g. the Conger-Kanungo Charismatic Leadership Questionnaire; (Conger Kanungo, 1994b and 1998), for Study 2), a scale to assess the degree of identification with the work-group (Van, K.D., Van, S.E.C.M., 2000) and some scales to measure the different outcomes considered e.g., (Brown and Leighs effort measure, 1996) and (Mobleys turnover intention measure, 1977). As they predicted, results o f Study 1 revealed that charismatic leadership was positively related to work-group identification, and employees work effort was positively related to work-group identification. Work-group identification also mediates relationship between charismatic leadership and work effort. Results of Study 2 replicated the positive association between charismatic leadership and employees work-group identification; work-group identification is also associated with their job involvement, job satisfaction, performance, and turnover intention. (Cicero Pierro, 2007b) admitted that their research has some limitations. The first one to note was that a causality relation cannot be inferred due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, although it was one of the most-used methods in applied and field psychological research. They suggested that future investigations, then, should adopt an experimental or longitudinal design. A second one was represented by the fact that the criteria variables had been assessed by paper-and-pencil self-report measures, which may reflect participants perceptions rather than objective realities. However, some of the analysed variables (e.g., work-group identification, turnover intention, job involvement, etc. pertain exclusively to individuals perceptions and feelings, so only a few of these measures (for instance leadership style and performance) should be assessed through actual behaviours and more objective measures in order to substantiate the results obtained. They concluded that their resul ts enlarged the knowledge of the dynamic that may affect work outcomes and underline the tangible relevance of social identification processes and, in particular, the relevance of employees identification with the work-group to the organisation life. 4.1.3 Concept between Instrumental, transformational and transactional leadership Research on leadership started with a concern for identification of leadership traits, so that this might be used to as a basis for management selection and training. When the relationship of such traits to organisation effectiveness proved weak, researchers sought to emphasise specific leadership behaviours, starting with participative management, and the later behavioural research on social/task and instrumental leadership behaviours, revealed the complexity of leadership and showed the futility of simple answers according to (Vasu, Stewart Garson, 1998). Current notions of leadership in particular, transformational leadership perspectives see (Hunt, 1999b), (Lowe Gardner, 2000) fail to address the strategic and task-oriented developmental functions of leaders (referred to as instrumental leadership by (Antonakis House, 2002), see also (Yukl, 1999). Theoretically, these instrumental leader functions are essential for ensuring sustainable organizational and follower performance. Instrumental leadership is not included in transformational leadership theories (e.g., the full-range leadership theory of (Avolio, 1999), (Avolio Bass, 1991), (Bass, 1985e), (Bass Avolio, 1994, 1997), an omission that might limit: the extent to which the full-range theory is able to predict effective leader functioning and our understanding of the contexts in which different types of leadership are important. (Antonakis House, 2004) defined instrumental leadership as a class of leader behaviours concerning the enactment of leader expert knowledge toward the fulfillment of organisational-level and follower task performance, see also (Nadler Tushman, 1990). Instrumental leadership is distinct from transformational (i.e., ideals, inspirationally based, etc.) and transactional (i.e., exchange-based) leadership and encompasses two subclasses of leader behaviours. Each of these subclasses, in turn, consists of two factors: strategic leadership leaders actions centered on environmental scanning strategy formulation and follower work facilitation leaders actions focused on facilitating follower performance. On the other hand, transformational leadership is associated with strong personal identification with the leader, the creation of a shared vision of the future, and a relationship between leaders and followers based on far more than just the simple exchange of rewards for compliance. The ability of the leader to articulate an attractive vision of a possible future is a core element of transformational leadership (Hartog Verburg, 1997). Transformational leadership goes beyond the cost-benefit exchange of transactional leadership by motivating and inspiring followers to perform beyond expectations (Bass, 1985f). As (Hater Bass, 1988) pointed out, contrasting transactional and transformational leadership does not mean the models are unrelated. Burns (1978d) thought of the two types of leadership as being at opposite ends of a continuum. However, here we follow (Bass, 1985g) who viewed transformational and transactional leadership as separate dimensions. This viewpoint implies that leaders could show both transactional and transformational behaviours. Bass argues that transformational leadership builds on transactional leadership but not vice versa. Thus, high-quality relationships have more in common with a transformational kind of relationship than with a purely transactional one (Gerstner Day, 1997). 5.0 Conclusions Each of the theories under consideration has evolved over time by different intellectuals and is still being studied and used today to explain modes of leader behaviour (Harris, Harris Eplion, 2007), (Yukl, 2006b), (Sagie Koslowski, 1994). Each of the theories considers both the leaders effect on followers and the interaction between leader and follower. According to (Summary Report of Accomplishments: 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2008) reported that one measure of a journals influence on a field is Impact Factor and Citation Data. To calculate the impact factor, Thomson Scientific records the number of citations in a particular year to articles published in the two previous years, divided by the number of articles in the same previous years. For The Leadership Quarterly, the Impact Factors (and ranking within the categories of Management and Psychology, Applied) for the last 5 years as reported by its publisher, Elsevier, is illustrated in Appendix 1. Another measure of journal impact is the number of full text downloads between 2003 and 2008. The number of downloads for The Leadership Quarterly increased as summarised is shown in Appendix 2. The summary of the Impact Factor, it shows there has been a substantial increase in this index between 2003 and 2007 is shown in Appendix 3. I disagree with (Houses, 1992) article that charismatic leadership was a new genre of leadership theory. For the fact that in the past and the present, several publication have shown significant contribution by scholars in the study and practice of charismatic leadership. Researchers have played a key role in shaping and nurturing the fields of leadership and management to generate new knowledge and insights into leadership theories. Appendices Appendix 1. Year Impact Factor Management Rank Psychology Rank 2007 1.763 20/81 12/57 2006 1.720 16/78 12/54 2005 1.750 9/71 7/49 2004 1.769 10/67 6/50 2003 1.315 20/67 13/49 Appendix 2. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 *Jan-Jun 83,528 125,417 162,583 213,027 260,948 185,627 Appendix 3. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 .511 .333 .778 .456 1.338 Source: ISI Web of Knowledge.

Discrimination of Women in Soccer Essay

Gender discrimination and sexism in soccer is hurting many young talented female athletes and their dreams of becoming successful in soccer. Gender inequalities are obvious, but nobody takes the time to try to solve the problem. Media, sport authorities, and many others are responsible of the sexism in soccer. The discrimination among women in soccer is decreasing, but still are many things to solve and many girl dreams of becoming a soccer player totally ended. Male dominance in soccer has become a problem for female athletes, who in the hope of pursuing their dreams in soccer, have been discriminated and treated in an inferior way than males. Soccer is part of our culture, and whether you’re a fan or not, you could probably name one male soccer player. But could you name a women soccer player? Could you name Rachel Yankey? She has scored 17 goals for England National Team, the same as David Beckham, the star of England soccer team. Or could you name Maribel Dominguez? She migrated to USA when FIFA stopped her from playing soccer on a men’s soccer team in Mexico, and in her first year with the Atlanta Beat scored 17 goals and was awarded the Most Valuable Player of the tournament. But have you heard these names before? Women’s soccer has still a long way to go and evolve. According to Hughes (2011, March 11), media has a strong influence in what we see or what we don’t see and unfortunately just 2% of mainstream sports coverage is dedicated to women’s sport, so, how come people can learn or be interested about women’s soccer if sport shows don’t even give them a segment. Also is difficult to find information, matches results, or statistics of women’s competitions.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 16

Sixteen â€Å"SO ARE YOU,† HE TEASED. â€Å"Yeah, but I just thought – â€Å" â€Å"That I was human? Because of the bite marks?† â€Å"Yeah,† I admitted. No point in lying. â€Å"We all have to survive,† he said. â€Å"And dhampirs are good at figuring out ways to.† â€Å"Yeah, but most of us become guardians,† I pointed out. â€Å"Especially men.† I still couldn't believe he was a dhampir – or that I hadn't spotted it right away. Long ago, dhampirs had been born from humans and Moroi getting together. We were half-vampire, half-human. Over time, Moroi started keeping themselves separate from humans. Humans grew too plentiful and no longer needed Moroi for magic. Moroi now feared they'd become human experiments if ever discovered. So no more dhampirs were being made that way, and in a bizarre genetic twist, dhampirs getting together with dhampirs couldn't make more dhampirs. The only way my race kept reproducing was through Moroi mixing with dhampirs. Normal logic would make you think that a dhampir and a Moroi would make children who were ? Moroi. Nope. We came out with perfect dhampir genes, half and half, mixing some of the best traits of both races. Most dhampirs came from dhampir women and Moroi men. For centuries, these women had sent their kids off to be raised somewhere else, so that the mothers could go back to being guardians. That's what mine had done. Over time, though, some dhampir women had decided they wanted to raise their children themselves. They refused to be guardians and instead banded together in communities. That's what Dimitri's mother had done. Lots of ugly rumors surrounded these women because Moroi men often visited in the hopes of getting cheap sex. Dimitri had told me that a lot of these stories were exaggerated and that most dhampir women weren't that easy. The rumors came from the fact that these women were almost always single mothers who had no contact with their kids' fathers – and because some dhampirs would let Moroi drink blood during sex. It was a kinky, dirty thing in our culture and was where the nickname for these non-guardian dhampirs had come from: blood whores. But I'd never even thought about a male blood whore. My mind was reeling. â€Å"Most guys who don't want to be guardians just run off,† I said. It was rare, but it happened. Guys bailed on guardian school and disappeared to hide out among humans. It was another disgraceful thing. â€Å"I didn't want to run off,† said Ambrose, seeming very cheerful about all this. â€Å"But I didn't want to fight Strigoi either. So I did this.† Beside me, Lissa was stunned. Blood whores stayed on the fringes of our world. Having one right in front of her – a guy, no less – was incredible. â€Å"This is better than being a guardian?† I asked in disbelief. â€Å"Well, let's see. Guardians spend all their time watching out for others, risking their lives, and wearing bad shoes. Me? I have great shoes, am currently massaging a pretty girl, and sleep in an awesome bed.† I made a face. â€Å"Let's not talk about where you sleep, okay?† â€Å"And giving blood isn't as bad as you think. I don't give as much as a feeder, but the high's pretty neat.† â€Å"Let's not talk about that either,† I said. No way would I admit that I knew Moroi bites were indeed â€Å"pretty neat.† â€Å"Fine. But say what you want, my life's good.† He gave me a lopsided smile. â€Å"But aren't people, like†¦well, aren't they mean to you? They must say things†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh yes,† he agreed. â€Å"Horrible things. I get called a lot of ugly names. But you know where I get the most grief from? Other dhampirs. Moroi tend to leave me alone.† â€Å"That's because they don't understand what it's like to be a guardian, how important it is.† It occurred to me, with some unease, that I sounded exactly like my mother. â€Å"It's what dhampirs are meant to do.† Ambrose rose, unkinking his legs and giving me a face full of muscled chest. â€Å"You sure? How would you like to find out what you're really meant to do? I know someone who might be able to tell you.† â€Å"Ambrose, don't do it,† groaned Lissa's manicurist. â€Å"That woman's crazy.† â€Å"She's psychic, Eve.† â€Å"She's not psychic, and you cannot take the Dragomir princess to go see her.† â€Å"The queen herself goes to her for advice,† he argued back. â€Å"That's a mistake too,† grumbled Eve. Lissa and I exchanged looks. She'd latched onto the word psychic. Psychics and fortune-tellers were generally regarded with the same disbelief as ghosts – except that Lissa and I had recently learned that psychic abilities we'd previously believed to be fantasy were actually part of spirit. Hope that she might have stumbled onto another spirit user shot through Lissa. â€Å"We'd love to see a psychic. Can we go? Please?† Lissa glanced at a nearby clock. â€Å"And soon? We have a flight to catch.† Eve clearly thought it was a waste of our time, but Ambrose could hardly wait to show us. We put our shoes back on and were led out of the massage area. The spa rooms had been in a maze of halls behind the front salon, and we soon found ourselves in another maze that was farther back still. â€Å"There's no directory here,† I said as we walked past closed doors. â€Å"What are these rooms for?† â€Å"Everything and anything people will pay money for,† he said. â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Ah, Rose. You're such an innocent.† We finally reached a door at the end of the hall. We stepped inside and found a small room that only held a desk. A closed door sat beyond it. A Moroi at the desk looked up, obviously recognizing Ambrose. He walked over to her, and the two got into a quiet argument as he tried to get her to let us in. Lissa turned to me, keeping her voice soft. â€Å"What do you think?† My eyes were on Ambrose. â€Å"That all that muscle's going to waste.† â€Å"Forget the blood whore thing already. I mean about this psychic. Do you think we've found another spirit user?† she asked eagerly. â€Å"If a party boy like Adrian can be a spirit user, then a woman who tells the future probably can be too.† Ambrose returned to us, grinning. â€Å"Suzanne was happy to fit you into the schedule before your flight. It'll be just a minute while Rhonda finishes up with her current client.† Suzanne didn't look very happy about fitting us in, but I didn't have time to ponder that because the inner door opened and an older Moroi man walked out, entranced. He gave Suzanne some cash, nodded at the rest of us, and left. Ambrose stood and made a wide sweeping motion toward the door. â€Å"Your turn.† Lissa and I walked inside the other room. Ambrose followed and closed the door behind us. It was like walking into someone's heart. Everything was red. Plush red carpet, a red velvet couch, velvet brocade wallpaper, and red satin cushions on the floor. Sitting on the cushions was a Moroi in her forties, with curly black hair and equally dark eyes. There was a very faint olive cast to her skin, but her overall look was pale, like all Moroi. Her black clothing stood out in stark contrast to the red room, and jewelry the color of my nails gleamed on her neck and hands. I expected her to speak in a spooky, mysterious voice – one with an exotic accent – but her words sounded blandly American. â€Å"Please, sit down.† She pointed to some cushions across from her. Ambrose sat on the couch. â€Å"Who've you brought?† she asked him as Lissa and I settled down. â€Å"Princess Vasilisa Dragomir, and her guardian-to-be, Rose. They need a fast fortune.† â€Å"Why do you always want to rush these things?† Rhonda asked. â€Å"Hey, it's not me. They have a plane to catch.† â€Å"It'd be the same if you didn't. You're always in a rush.† I shook off my awe of the room enough to pay attention to their easy banter and similar hair. â€Å"Are you guys related?† â€Å"This is my aunt,† said Ambrose fondly. â€Å"She adores me.† Rhonda rolled her eyes. That was a surprise. Dhampirs rarely had contact with their extended Moroi family, but then, Ambrose was hardly normal. Lissa was intrigued by all of this too, but her interest was different from mine. She was studying Rhonda intently, trying to find any indication that the woman might be a spirit user. â€Å"Are you a gypsy?† I asked. Rhonda made a face and began shuffling some cards. â€Å"I'm Roma,† she said. â€Å"A lot of people call us gypsies, though the term isn't exactly accurate. And really, I'm Moroi first.† She gave the cards a few more shuffles, then handed them to Lissa. â€Å"Cut, please.† Lissa was still staring, half-hoping she might see an aura. Adrian could sense other spirit users, but she didn't have that skill yet. She cut the cards and handed them back. Rhonda put the deck back together and dealt out three cards to Lissa. I leaned forward. â€Å"Cool.† They were tarot cards. I didn't know much about them, only that they supposedly had mystical powers and could tell the future. I didn't believe in that stuff much more than I'd ever believed in religion, but then, until recently, I'd never really believed in ghosts, either. The three cards were the Moon, the Empress, and the Ace of Cups. Ambrose leaned over my shoulder to peer at the cards. â€Å"Ooh,† he said. â€Å"Very interesting.† Rhonda glanced up at him. â€Å"Hush. You don't know what you're talking about.† She turned back to the cards and tapped the Ace of Cups. â€Å"You're on the verge of a new beginning, a rebirth of great power and emotion. Your life will change, but it will be a change that takes you in a direction that, while difficult, will ultimately illuminate the world.† â€Å"Whoa,† I said. Rhonda then pointed to the Empress. â€Å"Power and leadership lie ahead of you, which you will handle with grace and intelligence. The seeds are already in place, though there's an edge of uncertainty – an enigmatic set of influences that hang around you like mist.† Her attention was on the Moon as she said those words. â€Å"But my overall impression is that those unknown factors won't deter you from your destiny.† Lissa's eyes were wide. â€Å"You can tell that just from the cards?† Rhonda shrugged. â€Å"It's in the cards, yes, but I also have a gift that lets me see forces beyond what ordinary people can perceive.† She shuffled the cards again and then handed them to me to cut. I did, and she flipped three more over. The Nine of Swords, the Sun, and the Ace of Swords. The Sun card was upside down. Now, I knew nothing about this stuff, but I immediately got the feeling I was about to get a raw deal compared to Lissa. The Empress card had shown a woman in a long dress, with stars on her head. The Moon had shown a full moon with two dogs below it, and the Ace of Cups had shown a bejeweled chalice filled with flowers. Meanwhile, my Nine of Swords showed a woman sobbing in front of a wall of swords, and the Ace of Swords was a boring hand holding a plain iron sword. The Sun at least looked cheerful. It had what looked like an angel riding a white horse, with a brilliant sun shining above. â€Å"Shouldn't that be flipped right-side up?† I asked. â€Å"No,† she said, eyes on the cards. After several moments of heavy silence, she said, â€Å"You will destroy that which is undead.† I waited about thirty seconds for her to continue, but she didn't. â€Å"Wait, that's it?† She nodded. â€Å"That's what the cards say to me.† I pointed at them. â€Å"Seems like they've got a little bit more to say than that. You gave Lissa a whole encyclopedia worth of information! And I already know I'm going to kill the undead. That's my job.† Bad enough I'd gotten a minuscule fortune. It was also totally unoriginal. Rhonda shrugged, as though that were some sort of explanation. I started to say that she'd better not even think about charging me for that crap reading when there was a soft knock at the door. It opened, and to my surprise, Dimitri stuck his head inside. His eyes fell on Lissa and me. â€Å"Ah, they said you were in here.† He walked in and noticed Rhonda. To my further surprise, he gave her a low nod of respect and said very politely, â€Å"I'm sorry to interrupt, but I need to bring these two to their flight.† Rhonda examined him – but not in a checking-him-out kind of way. It was more like he was mystery she wanted to figure out. â€Å"There's nothing to apologize for. But maybe you've got time for a reading of your own?† With our similar views on religion, I expected Dimitri to tell her he had no time for her scam-artist fortune-telling. Yet the look on his face stayed serious, and he finally nodded, sitting down beside me, letting me smell the sweet scent of leather and aftershave. â€Å"Thank you.† His words were still perfectly polite. â€Å"I'll be brief.† Rhonda was already shuffling up my useless cards. In record time, she had them ready for cutting and had dealt out three cards in front of Dimitri. The Knight of Rods, the Wheel of Fortune, and the Five of Cups. I couldn't get a feel for these. The Knight of Rods was what it sounded like, a man on horseback with a long wooden spear. The Wheel of Fortune was a circle with strange symbols floating in the clouds. The Five of Cups showed five knocked-over cups spilling some kind of liquid out while a man stood with his back to them. Her eyes flicked over the cards, looked at Dimitri, then looked back at the cards. Her expression was blank. â€Å"You will lose what you value most, so treasure it while you can.† She pointed to the Wheel of Fortune card. â€Å"The wheel is turning, always turning.† The reading wasn't as good as Lissa's, but he'd gotten a hell of a lot more than me. Lissa elbowed me in a silent warning to be quiet, which startled me at first. Without even realizing it, I'd opened my mouth to protest. I shut it and glowered. Dimitri's face was dark and thoughtful as he stared at the cards. I didn't know if he knew anything about this stuff, but he was staring at the images as though they really held all the secrets of the world. At last, he gave Rhonda another respectful nod. â€Å"Thank you.† She nodded back, and then the three of us rose to catch our flight. Ambrose told us the readings were on him and that he'd settle up with Suzanne afterward. â€Å"It was worth it,† he told me. â€Å"Worth it to see you think twice about your fate.† I scoffed. â€Å"No offense, but those cards didn't make me think much about anything.† Like everything else, this just made him laugh. We were about to leave Suzanne's little waiting room when Lissa suddenly dashed back to Rhonda's open doorway. I followed after her. â€Å"Um, excuse me,† Lissa said. Rhonda looked up from more shuffling, her face troubled. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"This is going to sound weird, but†¦um, could you tell me what element you specialized in?† I could feel Lissa holding her breath. She so, so wanted Rhonda to say she hadn't specialized, which was often the sign of having spirit. There was still so much to learn, and Lissa loved the ideas of finding others who could teach her – and she especially loved the idea of someone teaching her to foretell the future. â€Å"Air,† said Rhonda. A soft breezed rustled through our hair to prove the point. â€Å"Why?† Lissa let go of her breath, disappointment washing over me through her link. â€Å"No reason. Thank you again.†