tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1002098969468161292024-03-13T09:27:48.242-07:00Sample papersWolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.comBlogger255125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-22196186121213358672020-08-27T10:16:00.001-07:002020-08-27T10:16:07.078-07:00Analytical review of a The movie scarface EssayExplanatory audit of a The film scarface - Essay Example The dim closure was a wake up call about the quest for power and its abuse. Scarface is an involvement with film that gives social reflection through an investigation of the subjects. Watching the film Scarface is an encounter that is incredible and has the fruitful effect of a cutting edge dim fantasy. The wake up call that is told through this symbolic storyline is that of pursuing the American dream and of the outcomes of pursuing it no matter what. The film itself has become a piece of American culture. One of the most cited lines from a film originating from this film as Pacino levels his weapon and is associated with having said ââ¬Å"Say hi to my little friend!â⬠(Scarface). In any case, the line that more probable summarizes the film, additionally said by Pacino is ââ¬Å"In this nation, you gotta bring in the cash first. At that point when you get the cash, you get the force. At that point when you get the force, at that point you get the womenââ¬â¢ (Scarface). The focal point of the film, be that as it may, isn't on ladies, however on the force. The film depends on the obtaining of intensity, a conviction by the primary characters that force is the asset from which every single other preferred position can be picked up. The film utilized an extraordinary number of procedures that assisted with interspersing the implications of the storyline. In watching the film, the edges of the camera particularly give setting to the implications of the scenes. For instance, in a scene where Pacino is being examined, the camera is utilized at an eye-level shot, different characters strolling around the situated Pacino as the camera is legitimately centered around him. As Pacino is locked in by the camera, the shot coordinated at him, obviously different individuals from the scene are above him in significance, however not equivalent to him. The blend of the shot with the manner by which the scene is acted clarifies that no other level can coordinate the lev el at which Pacinoââ¬â¢s character sits. The zoom in and zoom out shots are likewise used to make this inclination, coming in on Tonyââ¬â¢s face to place him in the focal point of the activity where required. Coming in close on Tonyââ¬â¢s face during a significant scene, for example, the one in the chateau, takes into account the film to proceed with the situation of Tony as the focal point of the universe inside the film. An incredible number of the scenes are taken shots at a medium shot level, the setting being as significant as the associations of the characters. A significant number of the scenes are done in outfit medium shots with the goal that the entirety of the individuals from the scene are accessible to the scene, yet close enough to quantify their responses to each other. This procedure is powerful in deciphering the territory of Tonyââ¬â¢s presence, his life bigger and loaded up with the trappings of his prosperity. In shooting from a medium separation, the scene presents something other than outward appearance, yet catches the manner by which the non-verbal communication deciphers the discourse. Also, in the celebrated scene with the firearm where the famous statement ââ¬Å"Say hi to my little friendâ⬠is articulated, the medium shot is utilized to concentrate on Tony so his non-verbal communication and outward appearances are unmistakably deciphered. The greater part of the film is done in serene lighting, the contrasts between the shadows and the light unmistakable and all around characterized. This utilization of light considers the power of the film to be interpreted through the visual effect of brutal lighting that is in high differentiation. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-39292586384827713732020-08-22T11:32:00.001-07:002020-08-22T11:32:43.078-07:00Penetrating and Blunt Abdominal Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsEntering and Blunt Abdominal Trauma - Essay Example The creator talked about, in detail, the different clinical intercessions done on the patients and their potential difficulties that emerged during the term of their hospitalization. Concerning the wellbeing appraisal method justifications referenced in this diary, Eckert talked about a progression of the systems. Perception with respect to the patient's appearance upon experience is to be done first. Nearness and area of wounds just as the profundity and passageway and ways out destinations for infiltrating wounds ought to be noted. Next, the creator noticed that auscultation is to be done preceding palpation as to forestall change of inside sounds because of control (p.53). Nearness or nonappearance of entrail sounds ought to be done completely, covering each of the 4 quadrants. Medical caretakers should check the quality, recurrence and any variation from the norm in the gut sounds. Auscultation over significant veins in the stomach region as well as in close to areas that might b e influenced, for example, the femoral vessels ought to be checked. Palpation will evoke the nearness of stomach delicacy, bounce back delicacy, guarding, surface of mid-region and any abnormalities. A few organ injury scales were talked about by Eckert. Among the scales referenced that were being utilized in the nursing practice were the 6-level Liver Injury Scale, the 5-level Splenic Injury Scale, 5-level Kidney Injury Scale, and 5-level Pancreatic Injury Scale. The Entering and Blunt 3 populace talked about in this diary is the patients with stomach injury. Most, if not the entirety of the cases in this diary were crisis or intense cases. I feel that among the qualities of this diary is the breadth and reasonableness of this diary to nursing practice. Its utilization of contextual investigations gives the peruser an image of what is to be experienced in the crisis rooms or concentrated consideration units in the medical clinic setting. It was intensive in clarifying the various systems done on the patient and every one of its basis. The diary acquaints with the peruser some data on the life structures and physiology of a portion of the crucial stomach organs which are normally influenced in stomach injury. This is generally useful to nursing understudies who are still apprentices in the field for them to have a thought of the exchange between these organs. This diary likewise gives data on the auxiliary methodology normally done on the patients, featuring the most appropriate or down to earth for each case or organ. For instance, the creator expressed that the CT check is the most touchy indicative device for most sto mach injury wounds and between the FAST sweep and the symptomatic peritoneal lavage (DPL), the FAST output is increasingly used in most crisis cases since it is non-obtrusive and modest contrasted with DPL. Likewise to be lauded is the utilization of some visuals, for example, photos of the various intercessions. It likewise utilized some stream outlines or ideas maps in nursing appraisal in explicit circumstances and incorporated the signs for medical procedure and permission to the ICU. This article had the option to catch my advantage since it is straightforward and extremely careful in clarifying the different appraisals, methods and medications associated with patients with Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-85954012548605295262020-08-21T09:14:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:14:02.425-07:00Blog Archive MBA News Dont Expect the Business Week Rankings to Change Blog Archive MBA News Donât Expect the Business Week Rankings to Change Anyone who reads our blog knows that we take a lighthearted approach to the rankings. We generally critique the concept by suggesting that if rankings change dramatically from year to year, they are not worth much (as schools donât change rapidly from year to year) and that if they stay the same, they are not worth much either (as movement shows a reconsideration of the facts). We think that a ranking conducted over a prolonged period would make more sense, but media companies would probably not be interested in a twice per decade ranking, would they? Well, academics at the Broad School at Michigan State University have analyzed the Business Week rankings (next released on November 17th) and discovered that they donât vary much from year to year and have thus questioned their credibility. A few points from their study to consider: Only 1.63 schools drop off the rankings each year Of the twenty schools who were first ranked in 1988, eighteen have been ranked every time Only thirty-five schools have ever been ranked in the top-thirty The issue will no doubt gain currency when the rankings are released once again. Share ThisTweet Blogroll News Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-25737212193481383432020-05-25T15:21:00.001-07:002020-05-25T15:21:04.066-07:00The American Civil War - 615 Words The American civil war was the second most important war to Americans. The war was about a lot of things but mostly the end slavery. It was also called the War Between the States. It war between the southern and the northern states. Slavery was use for a lot of things it was use in the industrial revolution it was used for farming in the south. In the north were trade and import and export good. Africanââ¬â¢s were the most of the population of slaves. People thought slavery was a good thing. The masters would whip them if they didnââ¬â¢t do what they were told nor did a bad job at it. The master would tell the slaves they have it better the Jesus did when he was tortured. People would bring religion to everything. The president during the time was the great Abraham Lincoln. He was born in Kentucky. There was to teams the confederation and the union. The confederation was the south. The union was the north. The union had many people because there was draft and the slave were f ree in the north and would be able to join the army so they did in the north and the south. In New York there was a riot caused by the draft. Many people didnââ¬â¢t like that they could join that wasnââ¬â¢t part of the compromise. Every state in the north seceded and four states didnââ¬â¢t join the union or the confederation. One fact that is every surprising Kentucky never voted for President Lincoln for both terms. The greatest battle of the civil war was the battle of Bull Run. The most famous battle was the battleShow MoreRelatedAmerican War And The American Civil War1551 Words à |à 7 Pageswhich then caused the Southern states of America to decide to leave the American Union and create their own Southern Confederacy. This tore our nation apart. The American Civil War had begun and the very people that were once neighbors had each otherââ¬â¢s blood on their hands. Many American lives had been lost. The American lives lost in the Civil War even exceeded the number of American lives lost during World War I and World War II. We were divided. The North wanted to reunite with the southern statesRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1376 Words à |à 6 PagesThe American Civil War was arguably the most important war in the history of the country. The War of Independence may have allowed American to become itsââ¬â¢ own country, but the Civil War resulted in something even more important than that, the end of slavery in the southern states. All of the issues that caused the Civil war were based around slavery, such as statesââ¬â¢ rights that involved how slavery would be handled in each state, and trying to preserve the Union since the south seceded from the northRead MoreThe American Civil War1296 Words à |à 6 Pages The American Civil War, also known as the Stateââ¬â¢s War, was a conflict that arose mostly from the issue of slavery, but deep down was due to economic differences between the North and the South. The South seceded fr om the North and created their own self-government due to their belief in the lack of stateââ¬â¢s rights versus the federal government and what they saw as a weakness in the Articles of Confederation. While the Confederacy of the United States depended on slave labor for their economy in regardsRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1618 Words à |à 7 Pages A Civil War is a battle between the same citizens in a country. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the independence for the Confederacy or the survival of the Union. By the time Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1861, in the mist of 34 states, the constant disagreement caused seven Southern slave states to their independence from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, generally known as the South, grew to include elevenRead MoreThe American Civil War1418 Words à |à 6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was ââ¬Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in placeRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1324 Words à |à 6 PagesThere were many events that led to the cause of one of Americaââ¬â¢s most devastating war, the American Civil War. The American Civil War was an unfortunate war that cost more than the lives of six hundred thousand people. Events such as the Missouri Compromise, Kansas Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision, and the Election of Abraham Lincoln resulted in the four yearlong battles between the Northern and Southern states due to social and economic differences on the idea of slavery. In the 19th century,Read MoreThe War Of The American Civil War Essay1472 Words à |à 6 PagesThe American Civil War lasted from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865. It was the bloodiest war in American history, killing approximately 620,000 soldiers in total. The War was fought and won by the North, ensuring that all the United States would stay united and slavery would be illegal in The United States. However, history is one of the most complicated things in the world. Itââ¬â¢s also one of the most important things in the world because history is what made the present possible. Historians have debatedRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War960 Words à |à 4 Pagesslavery even if it meant war caused peace in this nation. Slavery was the vital cause of the American Civil War. The north and the south both had their differences on how to run the country. People in the North believed in unity and that slavery should not exist because ââ¬Å"all men are created equally.â⬠On the o ther hand, the South believed in continuing slavery. People tried to talk it out and come to a middle ground after both sides compromising, however that didnââ¬â¢t work and caused war. Ideological differencesRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War856 Words à |à 4 PagesSlavery may have been established as the catalyst of the American Civil War, but the beginning of the dispute began in the time of the Revolution with a weak decentralized government under the Articles of Confederation. Later gained momentum as territorial expansion set Americans against each other on debating whether the new states should be slave states or free states, it questioned the power of the Federal government regarding state rights, and brought about instability in the unity of the UnitedRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War1439 Words à |à 6 PagesWhen the American Civil War began in the spring of 1861, those flocking to enlistment stations in states both north and south chiefly defined the ir cause as one of preservation. From Maine to Minnesota, young men joined up to preserve the Union. From Virginia to Texas, their future foes on the battlefield enlisted to preserve a social order, a social order at its core built on the institution of slavery and racial superiority . Secession had not been framed by prominent Southerners like Robert Toombs Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-91694448870791838022020-05-14T21:38:00.001-07:002020-05-14T21:38:04.192-07:00Grand Livina Marketing Plan - 3658 Words EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nissan Grand Livina is the latest product of Nissan, launched on April 2007. It is projected as the peoples car, which fulfills the needs of the customers: an economical, wide-spaced vehicle with reasonable price. The objectives of the marketing plan is aligned with Nissans objectives, which are being one of the Top 5 car manufacturers in Indonesia, increasing profit, and expanding market share. This plan describes the situation which is currently dealt with, including market share, channels, STP, and SWOT analysis; also designing strategies to achieve the 2008 objectives, which are selling 24,000 units of Grand Livina as a part of the 40,000 units Nissan vehicles and expanding Nissans market share from 1.8 %â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Besides Nissan vehicles, INM also produced other brands such as Volvo, SsangYong, VW, etc. In terms of marketing Nissan in Indonesia, PT. Indocitra Buana developed several Nissan distributors and auto-repairs on cities all over Indonesia. On August 26, 1997, with the purpose of expanding the retail business in Nissan Group, PT Indomobil Trada Nasional or PT INTAN was formed. Even by law the company had run since 1997, but with the economic crisis, the company could only be active started on January 2000. On November 1, 1999, PT Indobuana Autoraya was officially joined the Nissan Group. It completed the company structure in Nissan Ssangyong Group into: Ã⢠PT Wahana Wirawan as the sole agent Ã⢠PT Indocitra Buana as the sole distributor Ã⢠PT Indomobil Trada Nasional as Sales Operation (Retailer) Ã⢠PT Indobuana Autoraya as the sole agent for SsangYong This cooperation ended when Nissan Japan became the majority stockholder and Ssangyong was run by Indomobil Volvo on Oktober 2001. 5. Era 2000 PT Indomobil Trada Nasional specialized in vehicles commerce; New Cars or Used Cars, Accessories Shop, also Nissans auto-repair representatives. PT Indomobil Trada Nasional owned several branches: Ã⢠Sunter (3s) Ã⢠Halim (1s) as Nissans auto-repair representative Ã⢠MT Haryono (1s), only showroom Ã⢠Pondok Indah (3s) Ã⢠Pantai Indah Kapuk (3s) Ã⢠KebonShow MoreRelatedProton6764 Words à |à 28 Pages[pic] University of Malaya Faculty of Business and Accountancy Graduate School of Business Master of Business Administration ___________________________________________ CMGB 6101 ââ¬â MARKETING MANAGEMENT [pic] PRODUCT : PROTON EXORA 2 For: Michael M.Dent Msc, MPhil, MCIM Prepared by: Halisah Ashari CGA 080108 Linda Sim Siew Kian CGA 080016 Teh Chye Beng CGA 080035 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1. INTRODUCTION Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-89558689763614543142020-05-06T15:44:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:44:02.837-07:00Analysis Of The Book David Copper Field By Charles... INTRODUCTION I was born. I grew up. These lines are from Dickens semi autobiographical ââ¬Å"David Copper Fieldâ⬠cannot contain the grandeur of the life he had. Charles Dickens spent most of his childhood in poverty and therefore you can see the fragments of the hard life he lead in all his works. He wrote with a loving hand, revealing great sentimentally that touches the heart. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 17thfebrurary 1812. He created some of the worldââ¬â¢s most well known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist by many literary critics. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and he was considered a literary genius even during his lifetime. He was born in Portsmouth, England and had to leave school at early age because his father was sent to prison for debt. And he was forced into child labor to makes end meet. The image is very clear of the atrocities he had to go through in ââ¬Å"David Copperfieldâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Oliver Twistâ⬠. Set during the French revolution the story revolves around the city of London and Paris, tells an epic tale of an oppression hope kindness, love and hate. Revolving around generations it tells the story of the French revolution. The story begins with a lunatic father, a hopeful daughter, and an indifferent spectator. Then it moves towards two young men in love with same women. Then it takes a turn for the worse and leaves our characters in a disarray, tormented, confused, and hopeless and finally one act of selflessness leave the Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-24307951102536697072020-05-05T17:53:00.001-07:002020-05-05T17:53:25.070-07:00The Effects of the Wto on International Trade free essay sample And some principles has been produced for service these wide ranges of agreements, the principles formed the basic multilateral trading system. Moreover, the WTO is designed for its member nations to negotiate trade agreements and organizes a Dispute Settlement Body to oversee procedure for specific trade disputes between countries. The WTO also creates principles for promoting the development of multilateral trading. For insistence, the principles of non-discrimination, lower trade barriers, transparent and competitive policies are beneficial for the multilateral trading system. Inevitably, the WTO performs a variety of functions which include managing WTO trade agreements, organizing trade negotiations, supervising state trade policies, technical assistance for low developing countries and dispute settlement, etc. 2. 2 The Ministerial Conferences and decisions The ministerial Conference is the top decision-making institutions in the WTO. The Seattle meeting in 1999 was intended to initiate a new trade liberalization round and aimed to services and agriculture. In this meeting, industrialized countries had an argument with developing countries on core labour standards and environmental policy. The intension occasion caused the failure of the conference. A new round of multilateral trade negotiations was hold in Doha in 2001. It added the issues of labour standards, environmental protection and competition policy in this conference. The Doha Round took more focuses on developing countries and made them more forcefully. It was included proposals for reducing tariffs and adjusting subsidies. The Doha Round put the issues of labour standards and the environment for future consideration. From there, the awareness of environment protection and humanitarian has emphasized by governments and firms. Furthermore, this issue became a critical controversy in the WTO affaires during this long term. Whether these issues should be put in the trade policy has been in dispute. For example, those in favour of trade liberalization believe these issues should be separated from trade even though they are important. On the other side, environmentalists and commercial organizations argue for the inclusion of environment protection cover about global warming limitation and labour standards in trade policy. Fortunately, the labour standards including child labour have put in human rights principles gradually. Morrison, 2006, pp. 332-335) 3. The overall performances of the WTO on global trade 3. 1The WTOââ¬â¢s failures One of the biggest shortages of the WTO is its real problems in its Decision-Making. The WTOââ¬â¢s decision-making has developed of informal discussion in smaller groups. Some of the meetings only refer to small group of the main members in the now notorious ââ¬ËGreen Roo mââ¬â¢; others are the regional groupings. So its transparency comes under question and most of the developing countries feel them being injustice treatments. In reality, total ransparency can never be achieved because of different national interests countries have. The U. S. economist Andrew Rose argues there no strong evidence can prove that the WTO has motivated trade. Furthermore, some failures of the WTO that the critics said are including: industrial countries restricted exports of developing countries for more than 30 years; it has achieved little trade liberalization in services; dumping, safeguards and subsidies rules in the WTO have been abused and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) rules are not liberalize enough. From the perspective of procedures, the WTO can just make narrow or controversial decisions due to its slow systems of international negotiation and requirement for same opinions. In addition, the WTO has been shaky on dealing with the increased trade protectionism. Generally, it was concluded that the WTO effects on trade flows are not statistically significant, while Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) produce strong but uneven. (Rose 2005) Then lastly, the following facts have proved that the recent liberalization rules of trade have caused intensive poverty and inequality on the poorest nations and have damaged their democratic principles to a great extent. For instance, the average income in 59 countries is lower today than 20 years ago; the gap of the income in the less rich countries and poorest ones in 2000 has two times than1960; (United Nations Human Development Report, 1999) 3. 2 The benefits of the WTO on free trade and other social issues Although the WTO has contains a minor flaw. It really has made great contributions to the international trade development. Most of the negative effects such as the increased poverty in the poorest countries have encouraged the WTO to adjust its liberalization of trade policies to reach its objectives. Basically, the WTO has made great efforts to help promote free trade by planning the rules of international trade. Besides, the WTO has also created a strong ability of policy-making and institutional reforms in transition nations. The significant benefits of WTO member nations can gain from a better market access, improved management and dependence on better economic policies. (Bacchetta, 2002) On the other side, it said that the WTO trading system made a great number of positive effects, even though carried a minor flaw. These benefits has been described 10 points, they are: â⬠¢ improved world peaceful; * Satisfied dispute settlement; * Created a more lower costs of life by the freer trade â⬠¢ Made an easier life for the world; * Provided more products and services for choosing; â⬠¢ Increased income; â⬠¢ Motivated economic development and employment growth; * Produced a more efficient life; * Protected governments from lobbying; * Created better government. For instance, the WTO members can achieve tremendous value from it. There is a historical trend of goods trade by some economic groups in 2000-2010 show in Appendix 1. It reflects the rapid rise in the overall trend; especially the Africa countries achieved a huge increased percent. Specifically, these countries can automatically gain Most Favored Nation status, which means they have to make each other at an equal position, and no preferential trade preference can provide. In addition, the lower trade barriers (e. g. tariffs, import quotas and excessive regulations) for the WTO members has created a more open market, increased sales, more employment opportunities and promoted the economic growth. The large proportion of the developing countries in the WTO as well as reduce their competitive stress with the WTOââ¬â¢s assistance. The example of China will be discussed as following section. Moreover, the WTO is significant to deal with conflicts, although recent issues always take more focuses on its role of liberalize bilateral trade (Rose, 2004; Gowa and Kim, 2005; Goldstein et al. , 2007). An effective dispute settlement system can block serious trade conflicts and address the foundation for liberalization assurances. The dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO has been used for dissolving more than 300 trade disputes. The WTO mechanism helps solve these disputes harmoniously and constructively. On the other side, the rules of the WTO trading system are often complained by environmentalists, they said it keeps governments from pursuing forceful environmental protection policies. There is no doubt that the increased global economic can cause much environmental damage. So the WTO makes efforts to build a proper mechanism to balance between the two. It has given a clear space to the boundaries to restrict trade to protect the environment. For example, the sustainable development has been set as one of the basic objectives of the WTO in the Marrakech Agreement. The Agreement on Agriculture and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) also makes provisions to achieve this objective. The WTO also has made some practical contributions on promoting sustainable environment development. For instance, in order to respond to the complaint from 4 Asian countries in 1997, the WTO ruled that it was a legitimate environmental aim to protect sea turtles, pointed out the U. S. policies and approach were unacceptable because of lacked negotiations and the U. S. did not put all the foreign exporting countries at a same position. Then the U. S. hanged its discriminatory articles, took account of turtle protections terms and started to negotiations with the countries influenced by its law. Finally, the U. S. accepted the WTOââ¬â¢s rules about protection of sea turtles. It was also a successful case to respond to the WTOââ¬â¢s disputes settlement system. In addition, the WTO fights protectionism by its own ways. Protectionism is defined as an e conomic approach of restraining trade between countries which designed reasonable as ââ¬Ëfair competitionââ¬â¢ by adopting tariffs methods, restrictive imports quotas, and a large number of other government rules. Hills. C. A (2007) mentioned the WTO has promoted trade liberalization and fights against protectionism through its rules and policies on trade, disputes settlement system, trade negotiations rounds and accession process. From Adam Smithââ¬â¢s Absolute Advantage Theory and comparative advantage theory to present new trade system, competition policies are playing an important in role in the international trade. Competition policy is defined as government policies and rules aimed at building competition and maintaining the same. It includes measures intended to promote and ensure competitive market conditions. There is no doubt that the WTO has produced effective competition policies help to ensure that the benefits of liberalization and market-based transformations flow through to all. It designed ââ¬Å"antitrustâ⬠or ââ¬Å"anti-monopolyâ⬠laws for adopting by its members. 3. 3 Analysis of the WTO and China The WTOââ¬â¢s door opened for China on December 11th 2001 and the accession has boost Chinese economy, made great change on its legal and government issues. The analysis of China accession for the 10 years shows as following. In order to entry the WTO, China had to make less tightness of more than 7,000 tariffs, quotas and other non-tariff trade barriers. In general, its GDP has got 4 times than it produced in ten years ago, and the volume of exports has risen almost 6 times to roughly $1. 57 trillion than 10 years before. The more opening market in China also has attracted an increasing number of foreign direct investments (FDI) and this in turn, the FDI can win great returns from the Chinese market. The role of the membership of the WTO has provided an assurance for foreign investors that China also has to obey the rules and policies of the international trading system. Inflows of FDI increased from almost zero in the early 1990s to $108 billion in 2009. For example, as the single largest trading partner of China, American FDI has gained returns of 13. 5% in China, compared with worldwide rate of 9. 7%. Sales of merchandise increased from $10 billion to $545 billion during the period between1990 and 2009. There is a table of Chinese overall trade statistics since its accession show as Appendix 2. Just as the positive implications of WTO on Chinaââ¬â¢s economic development, Chinaââ¬â¢s entry has facilitated the trade between developing nations and these nations have played increasing significant roles in the international trade. The other developing countries in the WTO such as India and some African countries have made progress since their accession as well as China. 4. Conclusion Through reviewing the information of the WTOââ¬â¢s principles, decision-making methods, it can be learned about the WTO is an important international organization even if it has not done well in each side. For a few years, the discussion about the WTOââ¬â¢s effects was a controversial issue. In general, whether its implications on international trade and other areas are good or not, it will be an issue need to stand the rest of time. Word count: 2020 Bibliography: Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-41769219279520056802020-04-11T05:56:00.001-07:002020-04-11T05:56:02.277-07:00KiD CuDi, a Genre-Defying Artist Research Paper ExampleKiD CuDi, a Genre-Defying Artist Paper Ghost Scott Ramon Seguro Mescudi, known better as KID CuDi, is considered a genre-defying artist. KID CuDis music classifies as hip-hop and rock, which seem to be opposites, but he effortlessly combines the two as if they were meant to be. CuDi released his most recent album on April 16, 2013 titled Indicud. Mad Solar was one of the more emotional and personal songs CuDi featured in his latest breathtaking albums. The song has an eerie feeling to it, but nevertheless, CuDi exonerates his feelings and inner thoughts into it. KID CuDi does not hesitate to open up the song powerful, stating that he is secluded and he questions if we really know one another. CuDi goes further into the first verse by stating that he knows that he is different and that no one understands him, but he is okay with being alone. Life and the people around others ultimately do affect their life, whether they are good or bad company. CuDi has been through bad times with recently dropping from G. O. O. D Music, drug abuse and withdrawal, child custody battles over his daughter, and even betrayal from who he thought were his riends. We will write a custom essay sample on KiD CuDi, a Genre-Defying Artist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on KiD CuDi, a Genre-Defying Artist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on KiD CuDi, a Genre-Defying Artist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Those difficult times that made him question his life and pushed him towards loneliness, resulted in CuDi being cold blooded. Through all the hard times, music was an outlet to him. CuDi has changed because of the trials he has faced, and he has lost fans because of this change. If the public sees him a certain way, then that is perfectly fine to him because in the end he is doing well in his career. Fuck em is an expression used to show that the publics comments are disregarded in his mind because it is his life, not theirs. The hook is where KID CuDi is reaching out to those people who think he is and telling them that their opinion does not affect himself as a person. CuDi has always been known for being fascinated with outer space; his references with space symbolize being high, his inner thoughts, the loneliness and darkness that comes along with his life. The term Mad solar refers to a transition that he is making in his life and music career. Reaching a new step, he is satisfied with the altercations he has made to his life. Tying into the word solar, his life is brighter and more positive. CuDi wants the world to see his Juristic change, though their opinion is not relative, he wants to prove people wrong. The doubts that everyone has thrown at him make CuDi a more diligent artist; saying he is crazy and has changed ultimately fuels his fire to become back superior. KID CuDi gets into the heart of the song with the second verse. Through out the song, CuDi explained what he has been through but people continue to call him crazy though ne is living his lite the way ne wants to. He continues to say that his heart has been swollen, its been healin slow because he is still recovering from a break up with his girlfriend, CuDi does not want to age with out someone being there with him. This also refers to the ongoing custody battles for his daughter; he does not want to alone live at home with out her. Looking back on his life, there were moments that he realized some of who he thought were his friends, Just so happened to be skeptics. CuDi reflects on his life and what goes on through his head, trying to reach eep down and see if he truly knows himself. There were many dishonest people in CuDis life that were never really there for him, but claimed to know him. Years went on, being deceived by backstabbers whom he thought were close to him. Those people made him question who he really is and misjudge his future because they blinded him. He goes to say that there is not any room for people who take space up in his life anymore, if you are not really there for him then do not attempt to make a place in his life. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-54644789717731738462020-03-10T03:10:00.001-07:002020-03-10T03:10:04.252-07:00Little Picture Questions in SAT Reading 5 Key TipsLittle Picture Questions in SAT Reading 5 Key Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Little picture, or detail, questions make up a significant amount of questions on the SAT Critical Reading sections. Of 4 post-2005 publicly available tests I surveyed, little picture questions accounted for 25% of all passage-based questions and 17% of all SAT Reading questions. This means that it is well worth your time in your SAT Reading prep to make sure you can consistently answer little picture questions accurately and in a reasonable amount of time (what that range is for accuracy and reasonableness will depend on the score you are aiming for). In this article, Iââ¬â¢ll provide examples of the different ways the SAT will ask you to use little picture skills, explain the SAT Reading strategies you can use to help with these questions, and end with a walkthrough of a sample questions. First, however, Iââ¬â¢ll explain what exactly I mean by ââ¬Å"little pictureâ⬠questions. Note:The advice in this article is still relevant for the new SAT (March 2016 and beyond), but some of the examples haven't been updated yet. feature image credit: Miniature Fimo Nikon D80 by 55Laney69, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. What Are Little Picture Questions? Little picture questions are questions that ask you to find specific details from a passage. Moreover, you will not just be asked about details at random; SAT Reading questions asks you specifically about details that are vital to understanding the passage (even though you donââ¬â¢t necessarily have to read the whole passage to find these details). For example, you might be asked, based on information from the passage, what the milky blue that appears around the edges of older dogsââ¬â¢ eyes signifies (cataracts); you would NOT, however, be asked the color of the film (unless that had greater significance in the passage as a whole). Iââ¬â¢ve divided up little picture questions into two types: Type 1: Find The (Paraphrased) Detail Type 2: Given Line Information, Find What A Word/Phrase Refers To Type 1: Find the (Paraphrased) Detail These questions, which ask you to find a particular detail in the passage (sometimes paraphrased in the answer choice, sometimes stated directly using the same words as the passage), make up the majority of little picture questions. There are two ways in which the SAT Reading will ask you to fact find: 1. Find the Information in a Specific Place By far, questions that give you a location and ask you to find the detail to answer the question are the most common type of little picture question (more than half). Sometimes, you'll have to paraphrase the detail (meaning the passage uses slightly different wording than the correct answer choice). This is most often the case with questions that ask things like the following question: ââ¬Å"Which of the following views of conflict is best supported by lines 37-40 (ââ¬Å"These . . . oneâ⬠) ?â⬠To answer this question, you must first go to the lines cited in the question... "These places have interesting frictions and incongruities, and often, if you stand at the point of tangency, you can see both sides better than if you were in the middle of either one." ...and paraphrase the information contained in those lines. Only after that should you look at the answer choices to see what matches. In this case, the correct answer is (E) You can learn more about two parties in conflict as an observer than as an involved participant. Depending on how complex the passage is, detail questions with specific line information can require some vocab knowledge. Here's an example of a question where that might be the case: ââ¬Å"The author initially responded to Herdââ¬â¢s request ââ¬Å"with condescensionâ⬠(lines 13-14) because the authorâ⬠Lines 13-14: "I still blush at the fact that I went to graduate school to become a historian in order to contribute to the Black Struggle for social justice and yet met her request to write a history of Black women in Indiana with condescension." Now, if you donââ¬â¢t know what ââ¬Å"condescensionâ⬠means, the question might be tricky. If there is a word you don't know in the question or passage, context clues can often help. In the case of the question above, going on to read the next sentence will help you answer the question without needing to know what ââ¬Å"condescensionâ⬠means: "I had never even thought about Black women as historical subjects with their own relations to a stateââ¬â¢s history, and I thought her invitation and phone call extraordinarily intrusive." Since this sentence is an explanation of the previous sentence, you don't even need to know what "condescension" means to figure out why the author responded to Herd's request "with condescension;" instead, you can just paraphrase the explanatory sentence above to get the answer to the question: (E) viewed Herdââ¬â¢ s request as irrelevant and presumptuous. Of course, if you also don't know the word "presumptuous" (or other words in the answer choices), process of elimination may be your best bet (more on that in Strategies). I've gathered what I think are good examples of detail/little picture questions with location information below, so you can get an idea of how these questions are worded: ââ¬Å"Passage 1 suggests that the Fermi Paradox depends most directly on which assumption?â⬠ââ¬Å"The fourth paragraph (lines 50-56) indicates that Platoââ¬â¢s principal objection to ââ¬Å"poetryâ⬠(line 50) was itsâ⬠ââ¬Å"The comment about ââ¬Å"a new medium of artistic expressionâ⬠(line 62) primarily suggests thatâ⬠ââ¬Å"The ââ¬Å"porcupine women of this worldâ⬠(lines 76-77) are best described as people whoâ⬠ââ¬Å"Ultimately, Cecil views his remark in line 34 (ââ¬Å"It . . . nowâ⬠) asâ⬠ââ¬Å"The primary reason described for the usefulness of the theory mentioned in line 57 is its ability toâ⬠ââ¬Å"In the quotation in lines 61-64, George Will primarily draws attention toâ⬠ââ¬Å"Lines 30-34 (ââ¬Å"In spite . . . perseveredâ⬠) suggest that the author believed thatâ⬠ââ¬Å"In lines 40-43 (ââ¬Å"Moonless . . . Sunâ⬠), the narratorââ¬â¢s comment about the ââ¬Å"arrangementâ⬠demonstrates a preference for" 2. Find the Information in a Non-Specific Place The information needed to answer these questions is somewhere in the passage, maybe even narrowed down to a few paragraphs/generalization like ââ¬Å"end of the passage,â⬠but you aren't given specific lines. Because exact location information is not given, the wording of the questions is often even simpler than it is for questions for which you do have specific location information. Sometimes, the words in the question are taken directly from the text. At other times, just as for Type 1, a little paraphrasing is required. Some examples: ââ¬Å"Which statement about the Fermi Paradox is supported by both passages?â⬠ââ¬Å"At the end of the passage, the author suggests that it would be ideal if theâ⬠ââ¬Å"According to the author, too much energy today is spent debatingâ⬠ââ¬Å"In the first two paragraphs of the passage (lines 1-23), the author suggests that both sides of the debateâ⬠ââ¬Å"Both passages support which of the following conclusions about Earthââ¬â¢s carrying capacity for humans?â⬠ââ¬Å"Darwin (lines 1-13, Passage 1) and Meek (lines 45-51, Passage 2) serve as examples ofâ⬠ââ¬Å"Both the author of Passage 1 and the ââ¬Å"expertsâ⬠mentioned in line 53 of Passage 2 directly support the idea thatâ⬠Rare Question Types While the majority of little picture questions that ask you to find the (paraphrased) detail are phrased as shown above, there are a couple of rarer question types that I think are worth mentioning. The first of these are the "NOT/EXCEPT" questions. They are relatively rare (I found four examples out of 480 passage-based questions) and generally look something like this: ââ¬Å"The author makes use of all of the following EXCEPTâ⬠These questions can be tricky because there will always, ALWAYS be at least one answer choice that banks on you forgetting the "EXCEPT" and, instead, saying to yourself "Aha! The author makes use of this, so it's the right answer." Not that I have ever done this myself. No. Of course not. Even rarer than "NOT/EXCEPT" questions on SAT Reading are what I call the "I, II, III" questions. Here's an example of what I mean: Which of the following can be found in both passages? I. A theory about how people originally traveled to Boston II. An exact date Boston was initially settled III. Reference to possible sources of food for early Bostonians. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III Fortunately, this is one case where the question looks more obnoxious than it is. Why? Because you can use process of elimination to your advantage. Let's say you are able to immediately cross out statement II - the passage contains no information about an exact date when Boston was initially settled. That means that you can eliminate answer choices (B), (D), and (E) right away, and can focus your efforts on statement III (if it's true, then (C) must be the correct answer; if it's false, than (A) must be the correct answer). Clock Face by David~O, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Type 2: Given Line Information, Find What a Word/Phrase Refers to These are detail questions where you are given a word or phrase (in a specific line) and asked what it's referring to. In some ways, these questions require you to use skills similar to those you'd need for vocab in context questions, but unlike with vocab in context questions, the correct answer will be very specific to the passage. For example, if a little picture question asks about what the word ââ¬Å"deathâ⬠refers to, the answer choices wonââ¬â¢t be ââ¬Å"the absence of life, the cessation of movement, the end of a fad,â⬠and so on (which would be possible answers if the question was something like "In line 42, the word "death" most nearly means"). Instead, answer choices to detail questions will be highly specific, like ââ¬Å"the neglect of older cultural monuments.â⬠These questions require taking another step because you donââ¬â¢t just have to go to the lines in question to find the detail ââ¬â you have to figure out what that detail is referring to (which is not necessarily included in the cited lines). I've seen these words (where you have to find what they refer to) called "compression nouns" by Meltzer. Personally, I think of questions that ask you to find what a particular word or phrase refers to as very similar to Prounoun/Antecedent questions on the Writing section; like pronouns, these words refer back to other words/things. Here are some examples of questions that give you a phrase or word and ask you to find the detail it refers to: ââ¬Å"Based on information presented in the passage, which best describes what Georgia was ââ¬Å"tired of â⬠(line 8) ?â⬠ââ¬Å"In lines 63-64, ââ¬Å"psychological realityâ⬠describes which quality?â⬠ââ¬Å"As described in lines 17-23, the ââ¬Å"practiceâ⬠refers to theâ⬠ââ¬Å"The phrase ââ¬Å"horrible immensitiesâ⬠(line 54) primarily indicatesâ⬠SAT Reading Strategies for Mastering Little Picture Questions I've list the following strategies for answering little picture questions in no particular order, since the order you choose will depend on the way you read the passage. (1) To answer little picture questions, start by figuring out what the key information the SAT is looking for in the question. Take the following question: ââ¬Å"Which challenge is emphasized by the author in the final paragraph (lines 73-77)?â⬠Now, here's the key information I extracted from that question: ââ¬Å"final paragraphâ⬠(location information) ââ¬Å"challengeâ⬠(youââ¬â¢re looking for something that was difficult) maybe ââ¬Å"authorâ⬠(if there are other people who could be emphasizing challenges in that context, then specifying that you're looking for a challenge emphasized by the author is important; otherwise, the author thing is pretty much something you can take for granted) (2) Figure out where in the passage the detail being asked about is (if you arenââ¬â¢t given the exact lines outright) and read the relevant section slowly. How do you find the detail if you aren't given the exact lines outright? While sometimes the questions use the same language as the passage, and all you have to do is scan the passage for the words used in the question to get your answer, this is not always true. In these cases, your best bet is to turn to the answer choices and see if you can find those in the text instead (and then if you don't find an answer choice in the text, you can eliminate it!). Because searching for these details can take up way too much time, I would recommend starting with questions that include location information and then moving on to those that lack location information. (3) You can try to quickly answer the question in your own words as well, even though the answer choices are sometimes taken word-for-word from the text. Putting the answers in your own words helps prevent you from falling into ââ¬Å"I recognized the phrasing so Iââ¬â¢ll just choose itâ⬠trap (when in fact the SAT has sneakily reversed the meaning on you). (4) As always, process of elimination is hugely helpful with these questions ââ¬â if the text directly contradicts an answer choice, you can cross it out with no worries. (5) I almost always do little picture questions first on each passage. For me, hunting for the details gets me acquainted with the passage without having to read the whole thing. Plus, detail questions are easy points because they often involve nothing more than finding what is stated in the text. The order you answer questions in, however, will depend on your reading strategy and what works best for you. If you tend to read the passage thoroughly first, I would recommend answering big picture questions before moving on to little picture questions. That way, you can answer questions about the whole passage before getting lost in the details. If you read the questions first, absolutely start with level one little picture questions (get them out of the way). Answering these questions can give you a better idea of the way the essay is laid out. The only reason not to start with little picture questions would be if you are concerned it might disorient you and make it harder for you to answer other types of questions. If you skim, then answer questions, it could go either way. Skimming can help you form a mental map of where certain details are more likely to show up, which means answering detail questions first would be good...but answering detail questions first also might get you bogged down in detail too quickly and make it harder to answer big picture questions. Ultimately, you need to do some trial and error on your own to figure out which is most effective for you by using each method on multiple practice Reading questions (including SAT Reading sections as well as full length practice SATs). The strategy you get the most points with is the one to go with. Walkthrough To wrap up this article, I'm going to go through an example and apply strategies in my own order (you might find that using the strategies I mention above in a different order works best for you). The question: ââ¬Å"According to lines 41-46 (ââ¬Å"When I . . . crossfireâ⬠), the authorââ¬â¢s initial goal was toâ⬠(A) consider the perspectives of both the American doctors and the Lees family to see what insights might develop (B) serve as a counselor to the county hospitalââ¬â¢s Hmong patients in order to ease their anxieties (C) work out a compromise between the American doctors and the Lees family (D) acquire a greater knowledge of how the American medical culture serves patients (E) try to reduce the misunderstandings between the American doctors and the Lees family and promote good will The relevant lines: "When I first came to Merced, I hoped that the culture of American medicine, about which I knew a little, and the culture of the Hmong, about which I knew nothing, would somehow illuminate each other if I could position myself between the two and manage not to get caught in the cross-fire." Step 1: What key info is being looked for in the question? Hmm...what was the author's ââ¬Å"initial goalâ⬠? Initial = first, goal =â⬠¦goal. So what was the first thing the author wanted to do? Step 2: Find the passage and read the lines carefully Well, I already found the passage (because the lines are given), but now it's time to read carefully (maybe looking for a word like ââ¬Å"firstâ⬠or ââ¬Å"initialâ⬠). "When I first came to Merced, I hoped that the culture of American medicine, about which I knew a little, and the culture of the Hmong, about which I knew nothing, would somehow illuminate each other if I could position myself between the two and manage not to get caught in the cross-fire." Step 3: Answer in my own words So the passage says that at first the author wanted to stand between the two cultures (American medicine and Hmong). Probably not literally. ââ¬Å"hopedâ⬠that they ââ¬Å"would somehow illuminate each otherâ⬠= hoped that could learn from them? Probably? Bah. Letââ¬â¢s look at the answer choices. (A) consider the perspectives of both the American doctors and the Lees family to see what insights might develop This seems like it could be right ââ¬âthe author definitely wants to consider two different perspectives. Not sure about the rest of the answer choice ââ¬â might need more context than just the lines cited in the question. (B) serve as a counselor to the county hospitalââ¬â¢s Hmong patients in order to ease their anxieties Uh, no, thereââ¬â¢s nothing about being a counselor. Can double check context though. (C) work out a compromise between the American doctors and the Lees family Seems like it could be possible, I guess. Except that the first thing the author hopes is that the cultures illuminate each other, not that the author can make a compromise. So maybe a compromise came later, but the illuminating came first. (D) acquire a greater knowledge of how the American medical culture serves patients I mean, sort of? The relevant lines do say something about American medical culture. But nothing about how it serves patients. (E) try to reduce the misunderstandings between the American doctors and the Lees family and promote good will Nothing in the lines cited about promoting goodwill. Looks like I might need a little more context to answer the question. What about the line before the cited lines? ââ¬Å"This is especially true when the apposition is cultureâ⬠What is ââ¬Å"thisâ⬠? Or ââ¬Å"apposition?â⬠Hmm letââ¬â¢s see what the line after the cross-fire line is, maybe thatââ¬â¢ll be less work. I can always go back to the line before ââ¬Å"Thisâ⬠¦cultureâ⬠if I need to. ââ¬Å"But after getting to know the Lees family and their daughterââ¬â¢s doctors and realizing how hard it was to blame anyone, I stopped analyzing the situation in such linear terms.â⬠Aha! ââ¬Å"stopped analyzingâ⬠meaning that analyzing is what the author WAS doing. Letââ¬â¢s take a look at the answers again. (A) consider the perspectives of both the American doctors and the Lees family to see what insights might develop Yes, author was doing analysis! Iââ¬â¢ll double check the others to make sure I can eliminate them. (B) serve as a counselor to the county hospitalââ¬â¢s Hmong patients in order to ease their anxieties Nope, even less supported now. ELIMINATE. (C) work out a compromise between the American doctors and the Lees family Nope, compromise âⰠanalysis. ELIMINATE. (D) acquire a greater knowledge of how the American medical culture serves patients I mean, thatââ¬â¢s part of the goal, but not the whole thing . Also why the ââ¬Å"serves patientsâ⬠? Not part of the point. The author just didnââ¬â¢t know about the American medical cultural in general. ELIMINATE. (E) try to reduce the misunderstandings between the American doctors and the Lees family and promote good will Nope, no reducing or promoting here! ELIMINATE! To triple check, what was that thing that ââ¬Å"This is especially true when the apposition is culturalâ⬠was referring to? Looks like it was referring to part of the previous sentence: "...if you stand at the point of tangency, you can see both sides better than if you were in the middle of either one." Even more confirmation: you can see both sides better does not equal being a counselor, or creating a compromise, learning about how to serve patients, or promoting goodwill. Answer must be (A). Actually answering these questions on the SAT will probably not take nearly this long, because you wonââ¬â¢t have to (nor should you) write out complete explanations for every reason to reject the answer like I just did. If you find youââ¬â¢re taking longer than 30-45 seconds on a question, circle it and come back to it later. SAT Reading Practice Questions Intro material and relevant paragraphs for questions 1-3: The following passage is from a 1991 essay that discusses the debate over which authors should be taught in English classes. 1. Lines 30-39 (ââ¬Å"In school . . . culturesâ⬠) present a model of education where students learn to (A) value cultural diversity over tradition (B) respect the views of both sides of the debate (C) reflect critically on the nature of American schooling (D) differentiate between classic and contemporary works (E) explore the world through wide-ranging reading 2. In lines 54-60 (ââ¬Å"School . . . sayâ⬠), the author describes a world in which schools teach books that are (A) interesting (B) celebrated (C) uncontroversial (D) not obviously relevant (E) not likely to inspire 3. Lines 60-64 (ââ¬Å"Being . . . teenagersâ⬠) suggest that excluding a book from a reading list might (A) enhance the reputation of the bookââ¬â¢s author (B) encourage students to protest the decision (C) influence course curricula nationwide (D) appease conservative parents (E) disappoint the bookââ¬â¢s fans Intro material and relevant paragraphs for questions 4-6: The following passage is adapted from a book published in 1999. 4. The ââ¬Å"dark cloudâ⬠mentioned in line 4 refers to an (A) atypical diagnosis (B) unsupported hypothesis (C) unknown threat (D) evil influence (E) important contradiction 5. Which pairing best represents the different models of the universe presented in lines 7-14? (A) Big and little (B) Old and new (C) Complex and simple (D) Verified and undocumented (E) Theoretical and practical 6. The author uses the ââ¬Å"automobileâ⬠(lines 45-46) to represent equations that (A) demand a professionalââ¬â¢s attention (B) are intrinsically unreliable (C) do not work together effectively (D) can be easily adjusted if necessary (E) are based on dated mathematics Answer key (scroll down when ready): 1. E 2. D 3. A 4.E 5. A 6. C Summary of SAT Reading Strategies for Little Picture Questions Find the key information in the question and/or put the question in your own words. Read the indicated part of the passage carefully, looking for context if necessary (especially if youââ¬â¢re being asked what a word or phrase refers to). Answer in your own words and find the answer that matches that answer. Eliminate three wrong answers. Whatââ¬â¢s Next? ââ¬Å"Where can I find more official practice questions?â⬠I hear you cry. Never fear ââ¬â we have a complete guide to finding official SAT practice tests, including free links! Interested in more SAT Reading skills articles like this one? Weââ¬â¢ve got articles on big picture, words in context, inference, and paired passage questions, or you can just go toour ultimate SAT Reading study guide to find a list of all of our Reading skills articles. Not sure how youââ¬â¢re supposed to finish the SAT Critical Reading section without running out of time? Learn about three different ways to read the passage on the SAT. Need structured help? Try our very own PrepScholar test prep platform. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-66258843872675212972020-02-22T17:34:00.001-08:002020-02-22T17:34:02.590-08:00Retention Strategies for Nurse Retirees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsRetention Strategies for Nurse Retirees - Essay Example A more experienced nurse is in a better position to handle the needs of such patients. A multidisciplinary hospital like ours can derive benefits from the experience of such nurses. They can be used as senior educators, mentors or shapers of a new generation of outstanding nurses (RWJF, 2006). Thus, to utilize the services of the older nurses, the hospital must consider retraining for these nurses apart from discouraging policies that allow for an early exit from the profession. There should be no negative attitudes towards the aging workforce or their capabilities and lifelong learning should be encouraged. Mentoring is a concept that is used by all businesses and involves a mentor and a protà ©gà © engaged in a long-term relationship (NLN, 2006). Individuals who experience mentor-protà ©gà © relationship advance faster in their career and earn higher salaries at an early age. The new recruits at the hospital often feel a lack of support and recognition by colleagues but collaboration with others helps them to overcome this feeling of isolation. A personalized supportive relationship has positive outcomes for both the mentor and the mentee. The new faculty member learns community norms as well as the skills, strategies, and practices of teaching. If the role of a mentor is assigned to those that are about to retire, they would benefit from a mentoring relationship as they enter new roles in an academic setting. Through their experience, it would be easier for them to identify potential leaders in nursing and nursing education. They will be in a better position to cultivate a relatio nship in the best of interest of all concerned which includes the hospital, the mentor and the nurse herself. The mentor gets an opportunity to share her/his wisdom, knowledge and experience. The mentor also derives satisfaction from mentoring/guiding others in attaining self-clarity while also developing his/her own skills.à Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-77316077218303317162020-02-06T10:21:00.001-08:002020-02-06T10:21:02.869-08:00Crimonology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsCrimonology - Essay Example Biological influences on white collar crime are evident in sex differences between males and females. Sex of a person makes it possible to experience various life consequences. The belief that females, who are supposedly physically more weak, are mistreated more often is also inaccurate. Aside from rape, the only individual crime for which women are victimized more than men is robbery with contact. Men are twice as likely to be the victim of an assault or a robbery and 50 percent more likely to experience some crime of theft. Men are also the victims of strangers more than females (Friedrichs, 2006). Therefore, the idea that physically weaker people constantly fall prey to the criminal has no foundation in fact. Neither females nor older people are particularly prone to white collar crime. But, the lifestyles of these community groups may explain this fact better than their actual vulnerability to criminals. The advantage of this theory is that it explains roots of white collar crime , thus it does not take into account motivational factors and personal intentions of a criminal. Human biology and genetics are the two personal attributes most closely tied to antisocial behavior. Heredity and race are also related. ... ore frequently victims of white collar crime than others, while whites experience property crimes at higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups. For white collar crime, robbery accounts for the higher rate experienced by blacks (Friedrichs, 2006). It is still difficult to define the motivations of women when they commit their white-collar crimes at the workplace. But I am personally apt to think that if women have obtained such top positions at their companies - white-collar positions, they can hardly commit their crimes being motivated by poverty (according to economic marginalization thesis). Women rather try to cash in, in different ways, on their top-level positions. Thus, here opportunity thesis and sometimes, masculinity thesis can be more applicable in order to explain the motivation. As well, criminological theory states that opportunity is a more intense motivation for committing white-collar crimes. According to this theory, people who have achieved a lot on their liv es and have satisfied their needs as a result will need more goods to exchange with others, but not to use. Thus, this need for more possessions (or greed) can make people break the law and perpetrate crimes to receive what they want. Psychological predisposition may lead to antisocial inclinations and increase a possibility of criminal behavior patterns. The cultural ties associated with family income, race, and ethnicity also affect with whom one associates and the places of those associations. Housing, transportation, privacy, and leisure-time factors are related to income as well as to racial and ethnic segregation (Sutherland and Cressey 2001). To the extent that white collar crime varies according to place and event, individuals from different income levels and racial and ethnic Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-24240782226514680722020-01-28T19:29:00.001-08:002020-01-28T19:29:04.693-08:00The Images of Women in Film Essay Example for Free The Images of Women in Film Essay The two films being evaluated in this essay are Now, Voyager and Pretty Woman. Both movies tackle the stories of one lead character, a woman and her transformation from one type of personality ââ¬â usually the underdog into another which is more successful. This common formulaic plot of an ââ¬Å"ugly ducklingâ⬠evolving to become a beautiful swan has often been used as a storyboard for romantic films since viewers usually identify with the character who at first seems like the loser, but in the end becomes the victor. The image of Charlotte Vale at the beginning of the film is that of a typical old maid in conservative clothes, flat shoes, without make-up, with glasses, and without any social life. Her appearance is clean and neat but very much old school. From her entry at the initial part of the film, she is portrayed as shy, reserved, unhappy, overweight, unattractive and insecure. She is often ignored by everyone, and even mocked by some of her relatives. She also hates her mother so much but she is helpless and afraid and feels that she has nowhere to go. As the movie unfolds, Charlotteââ¬â¢s character is transformed into a more sophisticated, elegant, modern and glamorous personality, whom everyone adores and likes. Now, she has a well-coiffed hair, wears more revealing outfits, walks comfortably in high-heeled shoes, puts on make-up and smiles more frequently. She becomes cheerful, endearing, sweet and charming, and she loses her previous timidity and stiffness. With her transformation, Charlotte gains confidence in her self, and becomes more capable of facing other people, thus gaining more friends. When reprimanded by her mother for her new looks, she was no longer afraid to answer her back, which even she was surprised to learn. She already knows what direction she wants to take and the good thing is, she already knew how to get there. It is notable that at first, a lot of people were surprised with Charlotteââ¬â¢s transformation but because the change was a positive one which suited Charlotte, the makeover was delightfully accepted by almost everyone but Charlotteââ¬â¢s mother. At first, Charlotteââ¬â¢s mother insisted that she should go back into her old clothes and drab image. However, since Charlotte stood her ground and never relented to her motherââ¬â¢s dictates ââ¬â that is, after her therapy and cruise Charlotteââ¬â¢s mother gradually learned to accept what Charlotte liked, denoting that she earned the respect of the one person she despised the most. On the contrary, the image of Vivian as portrayed by Julia Roberts is that of a regular hooker or prostitute ââ¬â flashy colors, thigh high boots, a lot of exposed flesh, heavy make-up, a wig, and chewing gum while talking. The first impression upon seeing her is that she is really part of the flesh trade because of her loud attire which is also sexy, seductive and attention-grabbing all at the same time. Vivianââ¬â¢s character cannot afford to be shy because she has to offer her wares to her clients, and she has to show some skin and have the ability to bargain with her clients so that she can arrive at a good price for her services. Her image is far from conservative because of this filmââ¬â¢s setting (1990) and the nature of her occupation. With Edwardââ¬â¢s help, Vivian later on becomes more learned as he exposes her to the more acceptable social mores of the upper classes of society. Vivian evolves to become a better character where she becomes chic, classy, refined and graceful ââ¬â a change which further endears her to Edward. The modification is also well-liked by the people around her as Edward somehow manages to bring out more of Vivianââ¬â¢s natural beauty which further enhances her amiable character. From Edward, to the hotel manager, to the elevator boy, to the hotel staff every one of them was glad to see the way Vivian was revolutionized from a cheaply dressed hooker to a charming, elegant and respectable lady. She now wears hats, matching shoes and bags, well-coordinated outfits, matching color combinations and just sufficient make-up. She also begins to converse more politely, and in a soft and calm manner. With the outward personality of Vivian getting altered, Vivian also acquires more confidence in herself and the way she mingles with people. It is also interesting to note that Vivian readily accepted the change initiated by Edward because the manner with which he approached her on the subject was very encouraging, being very gentle and soft-spoken. Towards the end of the story, the character of Vivian also decides to give up her previous job for a more decent alternative since she feels that she has become a different person and that at this point, she cannot turn back. As regards the body parts focused on by these two films, in Now Voyager, the legs and hands of Charlotte were focused in the first part of the film when she was still being introduced into the sequence. The specific scenes showed her hands putting out a cigarette on a small platter then throwing away the butts in a garbage can, then carving on her ivory treasure boxes, and then later on, fidgeting as her condition was being relayed to the psychiatrist. Her legs and feet were also focused on in the same sequences as she went down the stairs, and then stops at the lowest step, then hesitates because she hears something unfavorable being said about her. The character of Charlotte were in some way depicted in these sequences because it brought to mind a confused and insecure character who tried to rebel by smoking cigarettes, escaping reality by carving, but is insecure and uncertain of her actions as shown by her fidgeting and unsure steps. Similarly, the body parts focused on in the film Pretty Woman in the introductory part of the film is 4 hands which look like they are playing a game. It turns out to be a magic trick using coins, and the camera is slowly panned up to the face of the woman on the right, who looks amazed at the man who performed the magic trick. The next scene showing body parts is again focused on the hands ââ¬â one white hand giving a packet with some white substance, presumably drugs, to the two hands of a black man. And then, the body part of Vivian that is first shown is the back side of her hips with lace underwear, where the woman turns from her left side to her right side while lying on a bed. Next, her chest is focused as she fixes her blouse, then her arms and hands as she puts on her bangles, while she is dressing up to get ready for work. Her hands are again shown while she colors the faded parts of her boots with a black marker, then her boots and her right hand as she zips up the boot on her left leg. Her left eye is focused with her right hand holding the mascara. By the time Vivian gets to meet Edward for the first time, focus is made on her backside at the waist portion as she turns her back on Edward while standing outside the car. All these body parts scenes in one way or another sets the tone for the movie since it tackles business as represented by the coins, drugs as related to the illegal businesses on Hollywood boulevard and the subject of sex as depicted by Vivianââ¬â¢s sensual attire in a nocturnal red-light district setting. The partial focusing on body parts gradually introduced the main character of Vivian, in much the same way that Charlotte was initiated into the first sequences of the earlier film. Relating the aspects of characterization to each film, the width of the character of Charlotte had to be rich in order for her to be able to adopt Tina into her family and be able to cope with not having Jerry in her life. Charlotte also had to be strong like her mother to be able to manage their businesses and their household without any emotional crutch to support her or push her up. As regards the depth of her character, Charlotte has the traits of creativity as shown in the way she creates carvings on her ivory boxes. She is also a deeply emotional person, who is terribly passionate when it comes to love, although she knows how to repress it if need be. This was highly evident during the time when she knew she already felt something for Jerry, but was in self-denial because she did not want to get into a complicated situation. This, however, was changed eventually when he admitted her feelings for Jerry, and allowed her feelings for him to flow freely. Another depth of character seen in Charlotte is her compassion for children, especially for those whom she knows are undergoing situations which she had already gone through. This Charlotte presents in the way which she cared for Tina at the mental institution, and during the time she gave a party for her at her house. Regarding characterization length, as mentioned earlier, Charlotte is given the chance to reinvent herself as if she were a different individual. At first, she is hesitant to leave her comfort zone and feels insecure about the changes taking place in her life. However, as she notices the affirmative reception of people pertaining to her transformation, she is encouraged to continue with what she has set out to do. With this, she improves her personality and grows further as an individual. The filmââ¬â¢s mise-en-scene contributed in large part to emphasizing the three aspects of characterization. The width of Charlotteââ¬â¢s character is shown in the clothes she wears. Charlotteââ¬â¢s clothes or the characterââ¬â¢s costumes are customary of the rich people, the settings are also typical of high class social backgrounds as shown by the large house, the cruise ship, the theater and parties among others. Depth of character is illustrated by the emotions carried by Bette Davis in her character portrayal, which made the story even more realistic. Length of character is exhibited by the change in the way Charlotte carries herself ââ¬â which is amply supported by the clothes and again by the acting prowess of the lead character. Some foreshadowing is used to show the influences of Charlotteââ¬â¢s mom on her character. Since the film is still in black and white, emphasis on the lighting was not much utilized in this type of movie. The background music was amply exploited to elicit empathy for the main character especially in highly dramatic scenes between Charlotte and her lover. Conversely, the width of Vivianââ¬â¢s character required for her to be poor so that she could effectively portray her desperation to earn a living. Vivian had to be street-smart yet appealing at the same time since it was her body that she had to sell. She also had to be alone or without a family, in order to develop a rationale for her characterââ¬â¢s focus on having an income as a hooker because she had no other choice and not because she liked the job. Likewise, Vivianââ¬â¢s depth of character is effectively portrayed as one who can easily psyche up people. In a brief encounter with Edwardââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëfriendsââ¬â¢, Vivian gets to assess the type of people Edward socializes with and comes out with the conclusion that Edward needed to have her in his life because they (his friends) were shallow. ââ¬Å"No wonder you came looking for me,â⬠Vivian deduces of the situation. Much like Charlotte, Vivian also had a lot of passion inside her for her love interest although much of it was also repressed at first. Later on, she manifests this and makes this known to Edward, but still she knew how to temper her emotions since she recognized from the start that she and Edward were really poles apart. And then with regards to character length, the journey taken by Vivian is her adaptation to the ways of the elite, as prescribed by her love interest in the film. Vivian initially decides to take this on as part of her work, but later on she imbibes the more wholesome character which she assumes, and eventually gives up on the old character that she was. Vivian grows as a person because she welcomes the change and becomes a renewed person since as the film ends, she decides to leave behind her previous profession and start making a new path for herself. The mise-en-scene in Pretty Woman was likewise extensively manipulated in the film. The change in the character is immediately apparent as Vivian becomes accustomed to her new surroundings and much of the plot deals with how she gradually blends in to what is acceptable to that social group. The disparity in the setting of Hollywood boulevard compared to the areas where Edward frequents is accentuated to point out the gap between the two characters ââ¬â Vivian the hooker and Edward the rich billionaire. Much of the characterââ¬â¢s depth and length is carried by Julia Roberts who gives an excellent portrayal in this film. The lighting was good, there were no extremely dim or very bright scenes. It is interesting to note that most of the dim scenes were only found in the initial part when Vivian was still a hooker, and during the time she was still part of Hollywood boulevard. Later on, the dim scenes were mostly the love scenes between Edward and Vivian. The background music was also appropriate with the sentimental scenes having soft soothing and sentimental tunes, while those wherein Vivian made some achievements had more spirited and lively songs. In terms of aesthetics, the two films can be labeled as reflective of the image of the woman in the specified period when the films were made. Women in general had to dress up more conservatively in the olden times and a liberated stance was only introduced later on. As regards film artistry, Now Voyager! has a deeper and more disturbing plot because it deals with issues like family relationships, possible mental illness and forbidden love among others. On the other hand, Pretty Womanââ¬â¢s plot is simpler but is more engaging because it capitalizes on the elements of love and sex which was not much emphasized in the earlier film. Perhaps this is due to the highly conservative values predominant during the earlier times, hence, the most tender love scenes which could be shown between the main characters in the earlier film was limited to kissing. In comparing the two films, women are given more freedom of choice in the later film, unlike the earlier one when parents had the right to dictate the direction of their childrenââ¬â¢s lives. In both films, the theme of love still tugs at the heart and is timeless. Viewers in the present can identify with the main character in one way or another especially when it comes to the context of love and the relationship between two people. As a whole, the two films illustrate how the character of the woman has evolved from the conservative one of yesteryears to the smarter and more liberated woman that she is now. Still, the one thing that is universal and eternally holds true is the theme of love and the woman who has the boundless capability to wield this passion. References Wallis, H. B. Rapper, I. 1942. Now Voyager. United States: Warren Bros. Ziskin, L. Marshall, G. 1990. Pretty Woman. United States: Touchstone Pictures. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-37643478452739434542020-01-20T15:53:00.001-08:002020-01-20T15:53:02.238-08:00Comparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and MacbethComparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeare's Hamlet and Macbethà à à à à à à à à à In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the supernatural. Therefore, the supernatural is a recurring theme in many of Shakespeare's plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a catalyst for action, an insight into character, and an augmentation of the impact of many key scenes. The supernatural appears to the audience in many varied forms. In Hamlet there appears perhaps the most notable of the supernatural forms, the ghost. However, in Macbeth, not only does a ghost appear, but also a floating dagger, witches, and prophetic apparitions also make appearances. The role of the supernatural is very important in both Hamlet and Macbeth. A ghost, in the form of Hamlet's father, makes several visitations in the play. It first appears to the watchmen, Marcellus and Bernardo, along with Horatio near the guardsmen's post. The ghost, though silent causes them a little anxiety, "It harrows me with fear and wonder"(I.i.53). It is not until the appearance of Hamlet that the ghost speaks, and only then after Horatio has expressed his fears about Hamlet following it, "What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord, or to the dreadful summit of the cliff"(I.iv.76-77). The conversation between the ghost and Hamlet serves as a catalyst for Hamlet's later actions and provides insight into Hamlet's character. The information the ghost reveals incites Hamlet to action against a situation with which he was already uncomfortable, and now is even more so. Hamlet is not quick to believe the ghost, "The spirit that I have seen may be ... ...e supernatural provides a catalyst for action by the characters. It supplies insight into the major players and it augments the impact of many key scenes. The supernatural appeals to the audience's curiosity of the mysterious and thus strengthens their interest. Works Cited Curry, Walter. Supernatural in Hamlet and Macbeth. London: Mass Peter Smith, 1968. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Schlegel, August Wilhelm.à Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course à à of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London: AMS Press, Inc., 1965.à à Shakespeare, William.à Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paulà à Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.à à à Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. à Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-32858436905276111332020-01-12T12:16:00.001-08:002020-01-12T12:16:05.402-08:00Implications Of Shared Characteristics For Literacy Instruction Education EssayChild with Down syndrome ( DS ) have several general features in common which play an of import function in how good they are able to prosecute in literacy acquisition ; some of these features are cognitive, whilst others are physical. This paper identifies some of these shared features and high spots the deductions of these for literacy direction in mainstream schoolrooms ; it so provides illustrations of possible differentiated direction in reading and authorship, and support that instructors can give to DS kids so that their specific demands are met within a regular schoolroom context. Finally, it highlights how instructors, professionals and parents can work together in an organized manner to guarantee that DS kids are being every bit supported at both school and place. DS kids make a alone part to mainstream schoolrooms ; their emotional, physical and academic demands can be demanding for the instructor but when these are met, advancement can be made. This advancement will non g o on overnight but as the expression goes, ââ¬Å" Good things take clip. â⬠Shared Features of Down Syndrome Children Possibly the most of import feature of DS scholars is that their chronological age and physical adulthood are non declarative of their rational development, which develops at a much slower rate. For illustration, a DS pupil who is 10 old ages old might work cognitively and linguistically at the same degree as a typical 5 twelvemonth old ( Farrell & A ; Elkins, 1994 ) . DS pupils normally have problem with the development of their gross and all right motor accomplishments, which combined with a really low musculus tone affects the person ââ¬Ës ability to keep an appropriate position whilst acquisition. Fine motor accomplishment jobs mean that simple activities such as keeping a book and turning a page can be hard, as is handwriting ( Jordan, Miller & A ; Riley, 2011 ) . Because kids with DS frequently struggle to bring forth speech sounds and talk clearly, it is widely accepted that DS kids ââ¬Ës receptive vocabulary, is more advanced than their expressive vocabulary ( Farrell & A ; Elkin, 1994 ; Jordan et Al, 2011 ) . Stoel-Gammon ( 2010 ) states that DS kids by and large have a slow vocabulary growing ; by the clip kids are six, a DS kid has a productive vocabulary of around 330 words whereas his mainstream equals have productive vocabularies of several thousand words. Although hearing loss is a characteristic of these kids, they compensate by being extremely ocular scholars and when larning to read rely on their stronger ocular processing accomplishments to larn new words, instead than concentrating on letter-sound correspondences. Bing visually inclined, DS pupils learn to read utilizing a sight-word attack in which they recognise whole words based upon visual aspect and topographic point no accent on letter-sound relationships ( Lemons & A ; Fuchs, 2010 ) . DS kids have a high involvement in societal interaction and bask chances to collaborate, portion and learn with other people. They besides have high emotional demands and necessitate four times every bit much positive feedback as other pupils do ( Down syndrome WA, 2009 ) . Deductions of these Shared Characteristics for Literacy Instruction DS kids are sensitive to failure and deficiency consolidation schemes when larning. For this ground, Buckley and Bird ( 1993 ) recommend that instructors minimise pupil failure ; instructors can make this by to a great extent scaffolding them through each measure of a new reading or composing undertaking until they can finish it without the instructor ââ¬Ës intercession. Buckley and Bird highlight that DS pupils experience considerable trouble rectifying errors, much more so than other kids, so forestalling errors happening in the first topographic point is of import in the early phases of new acquisition, particularly with script. There are really strong links between DS pupils talking, reading and composing accomplishments. As mentioned, DS pupils learn to read best by larning sight-words instead than concentrating on letter-sound relationships to decrypt them. This impacts on the manner that instructors teach DS kids to read as it is non the same manner that they will learn the remainder of their mainstream pupils ( Buckley & A ; Bird, 1993 ) . As DS pupils are larning sight-words, instructors should promote them to correctly articulate them every bit good ; these two accomplishments interact with and inform each other so that the kid grows to understand the significances of words. The instruction and acquisition of composing straight links to speech and reading, excessively. Because DS pupils have small cognition of sentence structure, larning to compose utilizing common linguistic communication constructions influences how they begin to talk ; fundamentally, they learn the construction of sentences through acquisition to compose them and so get down to mime this construction when they are talking ( Buckley & A ; Bird ) . Although the usual attack to reading and composing for DS kids is through sight-words cognition, it is possible for them to larn letter-sound relationships ; instructors can help this by indicating out letter-sound correspondences in words that pupils already know good and pulling their attending to onset and rhyme within that word ( Buckley & A ; Bird, 1993 ) . Because DS kids do non follow auditory instructions good, instructors need to show information/directions/explanations/instructions in a ocular manner. Farrell and Elkers ( 1994 ) highlight that DS pupils prefer print because the ocular message does non melt away like a verbal message does. Kirijian, Myers and Charland ( 2007 ) reference that the instructor ââ¬Ës informed choice of literacy stuffs can maintain DS pupils engaged on the content for well longer periods of clip than they would be the instance if they were utilizing regular schoolroom stuffs. As DS kids have trouble with cognitive development, musculus tone and all right motor accomplishments, they find reading and composing undertakings more palling than others in their category do ; instructors need to be cognizant of this and give them smaller sums of work to finish or let short interruptions during lengthier activities ( Down syndrome Ireland, 2011 ) . Differentiated Direction for Teaching Down Syndrome Children Writing Before any authorship can take topographic point, instructors need to guarantee that their DS pupils have their organic structures supported in an unsloped place so they are non using energy seeking to keep an unsloped place because of their hapless musculus tone. Because all right motor accomplishments are ill developed, DS pupils ââ¬Ë handwriting direction can be adapted to holding the kid following letters in the air or on a flaxen surface with a finger, instead than doing them pull with a pencil on paper like other pupils. Once they have a strong tweezer clasp, the instructor can scaffold script by utilizing a highlighter to organize letters which the DS kid can follow over ; this will necessitate to be done many times before the kid is able to copy it, himself. It is of import that instructors ne'er assign the script to pattern and walk off to look into on other pupils because if the DS pupil makes a whole row of wrong letters, he is larning bad wonts that will be really hard to rectify. During these composing lessons, a feel good factor is critical for DS pupils to larn so it is better for them to merely compose 3 letters during this clip and have the lesson coating with them happy than for them to hold to compose more and stop up detesting authorship clip ( Down Syndrome WA, 2009 ) . During the existent authorship activities, instructors frequently need to back up DS pupils with both the formation of thoughts and so scribing them ; this is frequently done through joint building of texts by the pupil and instructor ( Moni & A ; Jobling, 2000 ) . As mentioned antecedently, instructors need to promote DS pupils to joint their thought as they read and write. To promote this, the instructor acts as a Scribe by composing down the pupil ââ¬Ës thoughts for him. Next, the instructor and child return turns physically composing the bill of exchange together ; this is done to avoid weariness in the pupil and assist him to accomplish something that would be beyond his ability if working unaided. By co-constructing texts, the instructor is besides patterning the thought processes required for authorship ; these texts can so be used for future reading pattern as it has significance for them. Another manner that instructors ââ¬Ë can distinguish composing for DS pupils is t o promote them to utilize a word processor to type up their co-constructed bill of exchange ; during this exercising, the instructor can cut down the scaffold by taking herself from the pupil and giving him a opportunity to work independently ( Moni & A ; Jobling, 2000 ) . Differentiated Direction for Teaching Down Syndrome Children Reading For the DS pupil, instructors need to make single reading ends and undertakings that are much simpler than those set for the remainder of the category. When larning to read, DS pupils require considerable more repeat to solidify larning than their mainstream equals do ( Jordan, Miller & A ; Riley, 2011 ) . By instructors uniting repeat of an activity with stuffs aimed at the DS kid ââ¬Ës ocular acquisition penchant, they are able to capitalize on run intoing both these demands in one spell. As pronunciation of sight-words is an issue for DS kids, instructors need to pattern this at the same clip that larning the word is happening. In several respects, DS kids learn to read in an opposite manner to mainstream students. DS kids learn the whole word foremost and attach significance to it at the same clip, whereas other pupils will utilize letter-sound correspondences to read the word and so use intending to it through sentence context. Once DS kids know a word, the instructor can construct on this by offering phonics direction utilizing that word, ab initio sectioning it into onset and rime and finally placing letter-phoneme relationships if the kid is able to. DS kids struggle with comprehension as their grammar and sentence structure cognition is ill developed or non-existent ( Buckley & A ; Bird, 1993 ) . To get the better of this, instructors can do simple books based on the kid ââ¬Ës ain experiences and write sentences with the kid ââ¬Ës spoken linguistic communication demands in head so that he is reading words, phrases and sentences aimed towards assisting him to speak with greater lucidity ( Buckley & A ; Bird ) . DS kids require little ââ¬Ëbite sized ââ¬Ë reading undertakings instead than the 1s typically given to other pupils ; this enables them to experience a sense of accomplishment and stop the lesson on the all of import positive note. Because DS kids have high societal demands, instructors can integrate them into group and equal activities to increase larning chances accomplishments ( Snowling, Nash & A ; Henderson, 2010 ) . Teachers can besides offer reading support to DS pupils by supplying modeling of reading as equals read a text aloud whilst the DS pupil tracks the print in his ain book ; the same text can be repeated by several pupils as the repeat is of import for larning to happen. A similar affect can be achieved by utilizing engineering such as computing machine programmes that read aloud while pupils follow the text on screen. How Parents and Professionals can be Involved in a Literacy larning Partnership Due to the demands of learning DS kids literacy, instructors have terrible restraints placed on their clip as one-to-one direction is the most effectual manner of learning them. As such, it is necessary that the instructor receives help from a teacher adjutant or voluntary so that she can give attending to the other pupils in her category. The monetary value of holding an inclusive schoolroom is that particular demands pupils place force per unit area on the instructor. To get by with this, the instructor needs to garner together a support squad that can portion these demands and work hand in glove to learn the DS kid. With respects to literacy acquisition, it is of import that this school-based support squad works closely with the DS kid ââ¬Ës parents so that school and place literacy events are aligned and concentrating on a specific result. When DS kids are larning a specific reading accomplishment, instructors or specializers can teach parents how to reenforce this same acquis ition at place ( Snowling, Nask & A ; Henderson, 2010 ) . For illustration, Snowling et Al. province that parents frequently fail to inquire higher-level inquiries during reading activities with their DS kids ; as such, instructors can offer specific direction to parents on how to make this, likewise for onset/rime cleavage and phonological consciousness direction. This attack ensures that the kid is n't being instructed in two perchance counter-productive ways. Regular meetings and conferences between learning staff and parents should be held to measure advancement and program for following measure larning. These meetings besides give both parties an chance to discourse any concerns and maintain each other informed about other facets of the kid ââ¬Ës life, such as health/emotional province etc, which may hold an impact on larning ability. Decision Teaching DS kids is non a simple undertaking. They bring a combination of demands into the schoolroom which if separately broken down would each supply a challenge for the instructor to suit. The first measure to learning DS pupils is cognizing the issues that they face when larning to read, compose and talk ; these issues are both cognitive and physical and have deductions for how schoolroom instruction and acquisition is accomplished. DS pupils do n't larn the same manner as mainstream pupils do ; they require really heavy staging and advancement really easy when developing literacy accomplishments. However, single instructors are non entirely in this undertaking ; they have the support of other professionals and the kid ââ¬Ës parents, and jointly this group provides the kid with the emotional, physical, and academic support needed to go an active and valued member of both the schoolroom and wider society. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-23733642479865355752020-01-04T08:40:00.001-08:002020-01-04T08:40:04.277-08:00Quiet Professionalism - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 346 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Professionalism Essay Did you like this example? As we reach the end of the year, I believe it is always a worthwhile endeavor to reflect on the goals you have accomplished, what you hope to achieve in the coming year, and the associated action steps that will help you realize those items. Similarly, I also believe it is important to reflect upon day-to-day behaviors, and how repeated excellence in small, seemingly trivial matters, lay the foundation upon which the large structures of personal integrity, calmness under pressure, and quiet professionalism are built. The work we do is challenging, and complex. The groups we interact with, both internal and external, are numerous and diverse. The visibility of our team is high, and subject to intense levels of scrutiny. We are an impassioned group of individuals that through shared trials, often by fire, are brought together as a cohesive unit. It is this conglomeration of conditions that often times make dealing with others who do not understand our challenges nor understand our passions, and talents the subject of frustration. I urge you to channel these frustrations in a constructive manner. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Quiet Professionalism" essay for you Create order When dealing with external partners, counterparties, regulators, and senior leadership, exercise patience when working with those who do not understand the depths and complexity of our charge. Profanity is not professional, nor constructive. Flared tempers are not professional, and damage credibility. Condescension is not professional, and a direct affront to a culture of shared success. There can be no question that at times I am among, if not the largest offender of these items. You are owed better from me as a leader, and are deserving of someone that can help showcase your talents, which are exceptional. You have my word that I will strive for personal excellence in this endeavor. In the coming days, Resource Management leadership will begin the alignment and ranking process. It is my commitment to all of you that I will enter the process on your behalf with tenacity personified through quiet professionalism. In the days, weeks, and months ahead, help arm me with arrows of your own quiet professionalism. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-16641196152112499442019-12-27T05:06:00.001-08:002019-12-27T05:06:03.115-08:00Utilitarian Theory of Punishment in the Criminal Justice... There is an ongoing problem in our society regarding punishment and responsibility. We, as a society, tend to look away when it comes to how criminals are being punished and maybe we should be paying more attention. Violence seems to be an integral part of our society, some raise their children with violence, we watch it on television, read it in newspapers and books and now we are even playing violent video games. When it comes to the judicial system the majority of citizens do not even know how individuals are being punished or if the punishment is too harsh, not severe enough or if the individual even needs punishment because what they may need is psychiatric help. Behavioral scientist, Karl Menninger, believes that our prisons areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The utilitarian theory of punishment is another approach to the criminal justice system. Richard B. Brandt believes that this type of punishment is frequently found in Great Britain and the United States. He believes that u tilitarianââ¬â¢s differ in their thoughts as to what is the ââ¬Å"idealâ⬠system would be but the punishment extended should be fair and that the threat of punishment may be more important than the punishment itself. Brandt discusses the difference in the prosecution and defense used to obtain maximum utility and how the punishment should be implemented and how to mitigate the punishment. Brandt also discusses how utilitarianââ¬â¢s believe that reform needs to take place in the criminal justice system. What is being proposed begins with reforming the juvenile court system with more psychiatric treatment and programs to assist with crime prevention as well as asking for more social awareness to help these programs. This reform would then be extended to the adult population. After a guilty verdict is rendered, the experts would complete an evaluation and decisions would be made regarding treatment for each individual and a timeline created to establish when such individual could be reintegrated back into society. This type of sentence may not follow utilitarian views but there views regardingShow MoreRelatedThe Retributive And Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment1478 Words à |à 6 Pages Punishment is any kind of negative penalty inflicted on the wrong doer to prevent him from doing wrong in the future. Though there is no specific definition for punishment, it implies all those acts that are required to teach the wrong doer a lesson. Taking a negative step towards the offender. Since the evolution of time, there have been many sociologists who have given their theories on punishment and how the offender should be punished. The theories vary in terms of approach takenRead MoreRetributive, Utilitarian and Rehabilitative Justice Compared1680 Words à |à 7 PagesRetributive, Utilitarian and Rehabilitative Justice Compared The three justice theories or views, which include utilitarianism, rehabilitative or a retributive style of justice, are multifaceted. It is not easy to sum the aspects of each without lengthy discussion. Therefore, I will try to maximize my efforts and offer concise answers. It is fair to note that my belief system correlates strongly with retributive style justice theory. Nevertheless, I will compare all three theories accordingly. Read MoreThe Theory Of The Criminal Justice System931 Words à |à 4 Pages The notion that punishment should be equal to the crime is a major philosophy in the US criminal justice system. However, finding a great balance between justice and punishment is often a blurred line. Over the past 40 years, the population of state and federal prisons have risen drastically. Polices such as the war on drugs and get tough on crime have caused judges to give out more incarceration years than ever before. With such are large prison population, the resources ne eded to operate isRead MoreJustification And Justification Of The Penal System1171 Words à |à 5 PagesPunishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment) that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. However, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It isRead MoreThe Utilitarian Theory Of Punishment1494 Words à |à 6 Pagesdefend both the proponents and principles of the utilitarian theory of punishment, namely addressing the utilitarian approach juxtaposed with the retributive. Before beginning to make claims in any direction, a brief and to-date synopsis of the utilitarian fundamentals regarding punishment will be necessary. From ther e, I will present the utilitarian theories of punishment as not only the most useful for a society, but also the best representation of criminal law being carried out justly. Following thisRead MoreIs Restorative Justice Gaing Support in South Africa?1503 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction Punishment, central to any legal proceeding where the accused is found guilty, directly falls under criminal law and is determined by punishment theories. Whether South Africa is moving towards restorative justice approaches influences many aspects: it allows the protection of society, results in more of a crime-free life for the offender and it gives offenders the chance to learn from their experience, and gain insight into their behaviour and allows victims to handle their injusticeRead MoreThe Classical Theory Of Criminal Activity856 Words à |à 4 Pagesbecause it is believed that criminal activity is a rational choice, chosen because they perceive it to be in their best interest. ââ¬Å"Criminals make a rational choice and choose to do criminal acts due to maximum pleasure and minimum painâ⬠(Classical School of Criminology, 2012) Cesare Beccaria contributed to the classical theory greatly, and introduced several attributions to the justice system which advanced it immensely. ââ¬Å"Views were consistent with Beccariaââ¬â¢s utilitarian beliefs that sought to maximizeRead MoreKant and Mills on Capital Punishment Essay1609 Words à |à 7 PagesKant and Mills on Capital Punishment Capital punishment has raised debate in America since 1608. Both the ââ¬Å"pro-ââ¬Å" and ââ¬Å"anti-ââ¬Å" sides of the issue have strong arguments. Some believe killing is simply wrong, and violates universal human rights, others seek the only justice they deem appropriate, equal justice. I will examine the philosophies of Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill, with regards to their stance on the death penalty. John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806- 8 May 1873) was born in London, EnglandRead MoreAmerica s Scandalous Incarceration Rate921 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe numbers today are much higher than they were 30, 40 years ago despite the fact that crime is at historic lows. So what are we to make of the leap in time typically served for crimes in Americaââ¬â¢s society? Either the justice system was too lenient in the past, or the justice system is too strict now. Have we just now realized the real gravity of murder, or are we now overreacting? Those who have served a proportional sentence, and have proven themselves worthy, deserve to be restored to public lifeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1714 Words à |à 7 PagesCapital punishment, or the death penalty is the legally authorized death of an individual as punishment for a heinous crime, typically one that involves murder. The legality of it varies by state and it continues to be a contentious topic of discussion in the United States. Furthermore, in recent decades, public opinion has been shifting from a supportive stance to an unsupportive stance on the use of the death penalty. It is now perceived by most people to be an unethical, immoral, and expensive Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-64060182373373814472019-12-19T00:54:00.001-08:002019-12-19T00:54:05.122-08:00Drugs and Alcohol Essay - 1599 Words Drugs are heavily used throughout the entire world. However, it is important to understand and not undermine the variability in which drugs are used. It is clear some are for distinct medical treatment and others are for recreational use. In the United States, marijuana has been and continues to be a very controversial drug. Some states have allowed marijuana consumption for medicinal purposes, while others have completely outlawed the drug. Those who are against the legalization and regulation of marijuana suggest the economical and health risk associated with consumption of the drug are too high. Although there is risk involved with the legalization of the marijuana, our country has already been risking too much banning the drug.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦in ââ¬Å"Marijuana Factsâ⬠1). From an outsiderââ¬â¢s perspective, one has to ask why is there so much tension and hesitation in legalizing marijuana? If alcohol is the direct cause of many deaths, while marij uana has not been responsible for any, it only makes sense that our health would not be our greatest concern in legalizing the drug. Also, it is important to understand marijuana consumption is less susceptible to overuse than alcohol or other drugs (Marijuana 10:477). Despite this, critics often argue that marijuana is a gateway to other more potent and harmful drugs. According to Dr. Halbach of the World Health Organization there is no pharmacological link between cannabis and opiates (Marijuana 10:477). This demonstrates the physiological unlikelihood of marijuana being a stepping-stone to other more potent drugs containing opiates. Marijuana does have drawbacks and side effects, as any other drug whether medicinal or recreational. However, putting the drug in perspective helps one to understand the contradiction in legalizing other drugs while continuing to ignore marijuana even though it can beneficial in different capacities. One major way the legalization and regulation of marijuana can benefit society is for medical use or prescription by a doctor. Critics of this may be quick to assert this is an excuse to entertain personal interest and satisfaction one would achieve from the drug. However, there areShow MoreRelatedDrugs And Alcohol And Drugs1767 Words à |à 8 PagesSome people know what alcohol and drugs do to our body and we understand, but the problem is ââ¬Å"How come people do these kind of stuff in the first place?â⬠or what makes them choose these choices. Well the thing is, People suffer from anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression or other mental illnesses use drugs and alcohol to ease their sufferings. But the thing that we don t get is why do such a bad thing if you know that it s destroying your organs and your insides. Drugs or alcohol can sometimes makeRead MoreDrugs and Alcohol1682 Words à |à 7 PagesMethod 3 References 4 Background Drugs and alcohol is a major social issue (J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and Janet Y. Miller, 1992). It is not something that can be solved by the law (Lee P. Brown, 2008). Throughout history, many attempts have been made to try and legalize and control alcohol and drug addiction but has failed. It requires education, international awareness and a lot of work to resolve. Whilst alcohol and certain drugs are not illegal, the potential dangers areRead MoreDrug Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse Essay980 Words à |à 4 PagesDrug and Alcohol Abuse Drug and alcohol abuse is something that is happening more and more often it seems. There are many reason for this happening. First of all, people experiment with drugs and alcohol mainly out of curiosity. Maybe their friends are doing it, they just want to have a good time, or they could be hoping to improve athletic performance. It is common thing at parties and social gatherings for people to feel the need to drink or try drugs. Another reason start to use and abuse drugsRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse Essay1531 Words à |à 7 PagesThe movie Trainspotting is an entertaining look into the dark world of drug and alcohol abuse. Heroin is the drug of choice for the protagonist, but other substances are also consumed throughout the film: heroin, prescription medication, opium, hash, amphetamines, and alcohol are a constant presence in the story. Repeated polysubstance abuse combined with a negative social environment and a weak support structure compounds the problems of Renton, a heroin addicted young adult man living in ScotlandRead MoreAlcohol And Drug Addiction : Drugs1498 Words à |à 6 Pages Alcohol and Drug Addiction Xinge Xu University of Toronto Throughout the vast history of mankind, alcohol has always been a popular and controversial topic. Unlike other illegal drugs with strict rules, alcohol seems to be a more universal and socially acceptable drink. In fact, it is the most widely used drug substance in the world. However, with the gradually increasing amount of problems associated with alcohol, people should weigh and examine the medicinalRead MoreDrug Alcohol And Drug Abuse1773 Words à |à 8 Pagesnet - guide - Avoiding Alcohol And Drug Abuse In College College is a time of great personal growth and education, but it is also a time to have a lot of fun. Unfortunately, people often take this fun too far by delving into excessive drug and alcohol abuse. This impacts millions of college students every year in multiple ways, including creating a lifelong addiction, causing educational problems, and even personal injury. However, it is possible to avoid alcohol and drug abuse in college. It takesRead MoreDrug Use Of Drugs And Alcohol2261 Words à |à 10 Pagescurrent ongoing problem in the United States is the continuous use of drugs and alcohol. There isnââ¬â¢t a day that goes by where we donââ¬â¢t see in the paper or on the internet that someone overdosed on drugs and passed away. Currently the United States is narrowing in on the legalization of one drug in particular, which is marijuana. Just over 130 years ago there were no laws against drug use, until the 20th century when the fight against drug use began. Harry Anslinger is man who began the probation of marijuanaRead MoreAlcohol and Drug Abuse1722 Words à |à 7 PagesAlcohol and Drug Addiction Samara Kitchens COM/156 Instructor: Sunday, May 19, 2013 There was a missing person report across the news today, my co-worker stated. I never paid any attention to it; I went on about my day as if everything was fine. When I arrived at home I had severalRead MoreAddiction : Drugs And Alcohol1001 Words à |à 5 Pagesassociated with drugs and alcohol. Addiction is not only related to drugs or alcohol, but it is also tied with things and activities. Addiction to drugs or alcohol are quite similar yet slightly different to addictions to activities and other things. Addiction to drugs and alcohol over time leads to a buildup of tolerance causing the user to need more of what they are addicted to in order to experience the same or more of an effect than they once needed to attain the same effect. They take drugs to avoidRead More Drug and Alcohol Essay521 Words à |à 3 PagesDrugs and Alchohol The first meeting I attended was an AA and a NA meeting. At first, I was very nervous attending it because I didnââ¬â¢t know what to expect. I always had the impression that all people who attended these meetings were typical people that you see in bars with long hair, and beards; but I was wrong. They look normal just like you and me. There were young people, and middle-aged people. Some of them I never would have expected that they were alcoholics or drug addicts. Both meetings Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-86974260238414066362019-12-10T21:36:00.001-08:002019-12-10T21:36:03.169-08:00Reflection on Study Skills free essay sample This paper will reflect on my study skills. I will use a reflective model to discuss this, I have chosen Gibbs model of reflection, and this model includes the following: description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, action plan and conclusion. (Gibbs 1988) The first stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of events. We were asked to do three things designed to test our study skills, Information technology, Literacy and Numeracy. For Information technology I downloaded a paper from the journal of community nursing online, the subject was falls and the elderly; I chose this because I have worked in the community as a District nurse auxiliary and have a particular interest in promoting health for the elderly. Having downloaded this paper I had to write a precis of the paper in 300 words and e-mail as an attachment to our facilitator, testing our Information technology and literacy skills. To test our numerical skills, we had to complete an online test. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Study Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am now going to enter into the 2nd stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection which is about my feelings. Coming to university as a mature student is challenging, the reason I have come is to improve my prospects, despite my life experiences from work and home I do now feel unsure of what is expected of me in this unfamiliar environment. I havenââ¬â¢t studied for many years and now I have to learn many new skills how to keep to deadlines, access resources and take responsibility for my own learning. There are many areas of my study skills that I feel I need to strengthen: Listening skills as I often find in lectures that I switch off after a while! Oral presentations, I feel under confident when presenting my work in front of my group. Numeracy, this has always been my weakest subject ever since a child and I worry because numeracy is so important in nursing, the consequences of getting a calculation wrong could be life-threatening. Lastly managing my time is going to be a vital study skill that I need to improve on because as well as studying and placements I also have to run a home. Evaluation is the 3rd stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflector to state what was good and bad about the event. I enjoyed downloading a paper on the internet and writing a precis as I found the paper interesting, however I found e-mailing the precis as an attachment hard because I had to send the precis twice as the first attempt was unsuccessful this was because it was sent by Microsoft Works which doesnââ¬â¢t open attachments, I rectified this by converting to Microsoft Word and talking to my facilitator. The numerical test was tolerable, I find fractions and percentages hard, however before doing the test I went onto the BBC skillswise website and refreshed my numerical skills. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) model is an analysis of the event, where the reflector is encouraged to make sense of the situation. I will do this by exploring my understanding of Information technology, literacy and numerical skills at this stage. As I said before numeracy is important in nursing as the consequences of getting a calculation wrong could be fatal. There are many types of calculations I will encounter over the next three years e. g. drug administration, drip rates and blood pressure, it is therefore vital I come to terms with them now whilst I am a student, because when I qualify numeracy is an issue of accountability and I shall be accountable for my own practice (NMC Code of Conduct 2004). Literacy is an essential skill that defines professional nursing Bysshe (2006) states ââ¬Å"The clear, precise, logical and appropriate expression of ideas, opinions and values in nursing is required for provision of quality care to patients and familiesâ⬠. At this point in my education, having proper literacy skills is crucial to my academic success. Information technology skills are important, if used properly I. T has the potential to transform nursing practice and patient care (McCannon 2000) As students we can learn so much from the internet, every subject is at our fingertips. It is vital we learn now as who knows where we will be in terms of I. T when we qualify. The public now have an increased knowledge in their health due to the internet, so its vital nurses stay up to date. Nursing is greatly affected by I. T, computers at bedsides in many hospitals; much of charting is now done electronically. If we do not stay current in all these skills, then we will not be nursing effectively enough. My action plan for the future is: listening skills- to be attentive, focus on what is being said, take good written notes. If I do not understand, not to drift off listen more carefully and donââ¬â¢t be afraid of asking questions. Oral presentations- I need to be prepared by researching my subject and practise until I feel comfortable, not to be shy, maintain eye contact and remember we are all in the same situation. Numeracy- I shall make time to study numeracy by using web resources e. g. learn direct and BBC skillswise. Managing my time- As far as my academic work is concerned I will try to prioritise tasks. Set aside a time and place in the home for working. Ask my facilitator for help if needed and use the student support service. In conclusion, stage 5 of the Gibbs (1988) model; I am aware that I do have study skills that need refreshing. As part of my action plan I have highlighted areas that I would like to develop in the future mainly numerical skills. My reflection skills have developed through this essay, I used Gibbs (1988) model of reflection because the stages of reflection are clear and helped me to structure my work. As a student nurse I have recognised that reflection is an important learning tool. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-19760114665164104362019-12-03T09:18:00.001-08:002019-12-03T09:18:03.701-08:00The Shack Review Essay ExampleThe Shack Review Paper Essay on The Shack I do not take offense. If water is very emotional. We passed. Not anymore. There are books that will tell the story retelling anything, there are those in which so many thoughts that cause to stop and think, and on different themes that distinguish at least one as a major just disconnect the book, so so much water. If the book can be told in two paragraphs, it would not be worth writing In the second and third. style, the originality of the writer, as the creator of a literary work about the book as a literary phenomenon, leaving their mark on the field of culture. Thus, I was trying to say that this book is a phenomenon rather for spiritual or psychic field of knowledge, But the following paragraph (I do not mind) is very similar to mockery in what book provides answers to all the questions? It is said in the Bible you do find them all there? And if it happens that one and the same question get two contradictory answers? For example: do not bury your talent and lilies do not care about their clothes But it is not a theological dispute and do not dispute. In this proposal, I have nothing to explain. Here, I said that, and wanted to say. Yes. There are questions and transient, who accidentally occur over a cup of coffee and you forget them, not so important, and then suddenly bang and thats it! Someone said to him accidentally. Eternal questions are those that ask themselves and other people, at least as many years as we can delve into the human memory, thanks in particular, and literature. And you can not question the book? Heres what is discussed review, understand the talents and abilities of readers to express their thoughts? Or are we still on the books will speak? You know, Id just had not responded to a review, which I would not have caught the book would be good, perhaps, missed because of incompetence of the author reviews This is why thank you for the comments. Indeed, poorly expressed. On another occasion, I will try anyway. By the way, w hat if you read (even if unable to read) a book, but you realize that its just not your genre, then what? How to say, so as not to offend the book, so that people were not conducted in the name and annotations? The Shack Review Essay Example The Shack Review Paper Essay on The Shack The book begins with the tragic story written quite movingly -. The father of three children die younger daughter at the hands of a maniac And then on the basis of this tragedy and despair of his father built a fantastic story of his encounter with God, in which he naturally already disillusioned The main character -. typical American, brought up on Sunday going to church and pray before going to bed and eating. If it was not over-religious component of the book, it still might be interested. But it is interesting, in fact, only to the middle. The further one reads, the more annoying primitive thinking of the protagonist, close and at times the most natural stupidity. But Paul Young himself is a typical American, so the book is more like a colorful brochure Baptists, with ewes houses, blue lakes, colorful glades and always smiling and singing people We will write a custom essay sample on The Shack Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Shack Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Shack Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the way, God is in this book -. woman Negro (surprisingly, all this is still not a lesbian!) I wanted to believe that Young Paul still pinned, but by reading the epilogue to the book, I realized that this guy really believes in what this book saves people. In general, nothing new for the mind or soul there can not be found. God is love ââ¬â¹Ã¢â¬â¹the slogan with posters of some sect. This book is only for US readers may be for Western Europe. In the annotation to the book is written, the author teaches the reader to destroy its stereotypes, but in fact replace one stereotype others come slightly higher level. Quote: - Im going crazy? Do I have to believe that God this is a big black woman with a questionable sense of humor Jesus laughed -. It destroys stereotypes. With it, you can always count on a couple of twists. She loves surprises and, though you may be, this has not noticed, has a perfect sense of time. à » By the way, despite the fact that in the Book of God says that he is not a Christian, Jesus is present in the plot constantly, and this divine story of his sacrifice is presented entirely textbook à «God loves you -.. Now this one sentence can describe the book If you are looking for answers to eternal questions about the meaning of life , the ability to forgive, reconcile you or the church (sect), or a psychologist. They will tell you all the same just not as tight and personally for you. Any modern psychological training will help you a lot more. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-88565541343815974282019-11-27T13:19:00.001-08:002019-11-27T13:19:03.562-08:00Children Without Fathers essaysChildren Without Fathers essays "The deteriorating condition of children - ranging from violent boys and promiscuous girls to abused children of both sexes - has become a regular feature of the daily news. The linkage of these now-familiar conditions to Fatherlessness is empirically verified by a body of social and behavioral research. Because children represent the future of our society, these negative consequences are a social calamity in the making. It is a misfortune not just for those children affected by it but for every family member." Stats show Perhaps if we pressure the government into protecting the rights of fathers in addition to those of the mother, more children can benefit from the special relationship of TWO parents who care for them and are actively involved in their lives. Lets take a look at some statistics showing the effect the ABSENCE of a father has on the nearly 22% of American children in fatherless households: 63% of youth suicides are from fatherless homes (Source: U.S. D.H.H.S., Bureau of the Census) 90% of all homeless and runaway children are from fatherless homes 85% of all children that exhibit behavioral disorders come from fatherless homes (Source: Center for Disease Control) 80% of rapists motivated with displaced anger come from fatherless homes (Source: Criminal Justice 71% of all high school dropouts come from fatherless homes (Source: National Principals Association Report on the State of High Schools.) 75% of all adolescent patients in chemical abuse centers come from fatherless homes (Source: Rainbows for all God`s Children.) 70% of juveniles in state-operated institutions come from fatherless homes (Source: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Special Report, Sept 1988) 85% of all youths sitting in prisons grew up in a fatherless home (Source: Fulton Co. Georgia j... Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-61973492046657067722019-11-23T20:53:00.001-08:002019-11-23T20:53:03.211-08:00Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay ExamplePasteurized Milk Essay Essay Example Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Pasteurized Milk Essay Essay Millions and 1000000s of people drink cowââ¬â¢s milk every twenty-four hours. Milk has become an evident necessity in an copiousness of peoplesââ¬â¢ lives. Many people use milk for breakfast such as on cereal. seting in their java or merely as a glass of milk with toast. At most food market shops. the picks are fat free. one per centum. two per centum. and whole milk. It is believed that milk as a beginning of Ca leads to strong castanetss. but this belief has its disparagers and has become controversial. Ads such as ââ¬Å"Got Milkâ⬠have brainwashed us into believing that we ââ¬Å"needâ⬠it. But most of the clip this cowââ¬â¢s milk is contaminated with growing endocrines and pesticides. In add-on. pasteurisation destroys about all the nutritionary value in cowââ¬â¢s milk. The disadvantages to imbibing cowââ¬â¢s milk far outweigh the advantages. Drinking milk causes increasing wellness jobs. and may even take to an over-intake of Ca which can be merely every bit debatable as non plenty. In the late nineteenth century. a turning figure of influential people throughout the state believed that American metropoliss had a milk job. Newspaper articles exposed the dismaying conditions in which cattles were fed slop. The state of affairs was known as ââ¬Å"the milk problemâ⬠. ( Group III ) Named after Louis Pasteur. pasteurisation is a procedure that requires heating the milk to kill bacteriums and prevent spoilage. It was introduced for safety grounds. but because of the manner it depletes the milk. pasteurisation has led to many wellness jobs throughout the universe. Pasteurized milk is said to be much safer than natural milk and bring forth less wellness jobs. But how could it be when rBGH is injected into cattles doing them to bring forth between 10s and 20 per centum more milk? RBGH-treated animate beings have a 25 per centum greater opportunity of developing mastitis ( a potentially deathly redness of the bag ) . an 18 per centum greater opportunity of going infertile. and a 50 per centum greater opportunity of going square. ( Debating the Safety ) And if one thinks about it. it is upseting to believe we drink the milk that comes from those cattles. Prostate and chest malignant neoplastic diseases have been linked to ingestion of pasteurised milk. chiefly related to additions in a compound called insulin-like growing factors. Milk ingestion can besides lend to important sums of fat and cholesterin in our organic structures. ( Markoff ) Statisticss have besides shown that low milk consumption during childhood was associated with a higher opportunity of low bone denseness taking to osteoporosis. But statistics have besides shown that excessively high milk intake during childhood increased the opportunity of low bone denseness! ( Kalkworf 257-265 ) Along with bone denseness. adult females in the U. S. are the biggest consumers of milk in the universe. yet have the highest degrees of osteoporosis. ( Karpf ) Children grow up imbibing cowââ¬â¢s milk as portion of their mundane life non cognizing that it is harmful to them and their future wellness. Cowââ¬â¢s milk can impair a childââ¬â¢s ability to absorb Fe. Combined with the fact that milk has virtually no Fe of its ain. the consequence is an increased hazard of Fe lack. Children can besides hold reactions to milk proteins that show up as respiratory jobs and skin conditions. ( Markoff ) Cowââ¬â¢s milk proteins are a common cause of gripes. and now the American Academy of Pediatrics has concluded that there is grounds that cowââ¬â¢s milk may good lend to childhood-onset diabetes. Equally good as diabetes. fleshiness has become a job in the United States. Consumption of pasteurized cowââ¬â¢s milk has contributed to this due to the high degree of concentrated fat in it. ( Kalkworf ) Osteoporosis can be caused by non adequate Ca. but besides by excessively much Ca. That is because one time bones become saturated with excessively much Ca the ability to absorb more is inhibited. As many kids grow they start demoing marks of osteoporosis and it is from unstable Ca degrees. Pasteurized cowââ¬â¢s milk is a really common nutrient beginning of Ca. But there are other nutrient beginnings than milk and dairy merchandises that provide Ca. Foods such as leafy green veggies. nuts. beans and seeds. fish and shellfish. and addendums all are a beginning of Ca. Calcium beginnings such as Spinacia oleracea. benne seeds and Prunus dulciss have even more Ca than milk. ( Jamerson ) Humans are the lone mammals that drink another animalââ¬â¢s milk. There are many other milk options such as soy. Prunus dulcis and coconut. One ground that cowââ¬â¢s milk is non every bit good as a bastioned option is that milk contains lactose doing it more acidic. Approximately 75 per centum of the worldââ¬â¢s population is lactose intolerant. which means that they are unable to to the full digest dairy merchandises. Lactase is the enzyme needed to digest milk sugar. and most people stop bring forthing it around the age of 5. ( Calcium and Milk ) Another ground cowââ¬â¢s milk is non good is its nutritionary value. When cowââ¬â¢s milk is pasteurized it kills bacteriums but it besides destroys the healthful foods. increasing sugars and fats and transforming proteins into unnatural amino acids that are less than healthy. hence bring forthing less Ca. ( Mercola ) Ever since we were immature. we believed that milk was good for us and our parents ever told us. ââ¬Å"Drink your milk. so you grow up to be strong and healthy. â⬠It is true that Ca builds strong castanetss. but it doesnââ¬â¢t mean that the sum in cowââ¬â¢s milk needfully does. Due to pasteurisation. cowââ¬â¢s milk is said to hold less Ca. ( Mercola ) It is frequently argued that pasteurised cowââ¬â¢s milk is much safer than other milk due to the violent death of bacteriums and pesticides. Of class. many would see the benefits ; nevertheless. pasteurisation kills the good bacteriums and much of the foods to supply a healthful diet. ( Debating the Safety ) Opposing positions claim that cowââ¬â¢s milk helps cut down the hazard of osteoporosis. In fact. they go every bit far as claiming that it will wholly forestall osteoporosis and aid strengthen castanetss. On the other manus. statistics show that consumers of milk have a greater opportunity of osteoporosis. ( Karpf ) Cow ownership and the many resources cattles provide have been a portion of our history for centuries. Cowââ¬â¢s milk has been a pillar in the human diet. For most of this clip it was natural milk that was consumed. and it was non until the last hundred old ages that pasteurisation came into drama. By this clip. milk as a fundamental in our diet had been established. so doing it safer by killing harmful bacteriums seemed a great thought. However. imbibing pasteurised cowââ¬â¢s milk has led to a complex array of wellness jobs such as high cholesterin. diabetes. gripes. lactose intolerance. and osteoporosis. There is dissension over the sum of Ca really in cowââ¬â¢s milk. and whether or non ingestion of cowsââ¬â¢ milk contributes to osteoporosis. Although doing milk safer to imbibe. pasteurisation is said to compromise the nutritionary value of milk. and hence alternate Ca beginnings should be considered. Cowââ¬â¢s milk genuinely does non supply the benefits that the ââ¬Å"Got Milkâ⬠commercials would wish us to believe. ââ¬Å"Calcium and Milk: Whatââ¬â¢s Best for Your Bones and Health? â⬠Harvard School of Public Health. President and Fellows of Harvard College. n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. . ââ¬Å"Debating the Safety of Milk from rBGH-Treated Cows ( sidebar ) . â⬠Facts on File Issues and Controversies. Facts on File. 12 Feb. 1999. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. . Group III. Edward F. . Dr. ââ¬Å"Pasteurized V. Natural Milk: Which One Is Healthier for You amp ; Your Family? â⬠Global Healing Center: Natural Health and Organic Living. Global Healing Center. 28 Sept. 2009. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. . Jamerson. Ann. ââ¬Å"Sources of Calcium Other Than Milk. â⬠Livestrong. Demand Media. 8 Sept. 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. . Kalkworf. Heidi J. . Jane C. Khoury. and Bruce P. Lanphear. ââ¬Å"Milk consumption during childhood and adolescence. grownup bone denseness. and osteoporotic breaks in US adult females. â⬠The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 ( 2003 ) : 257-65. Print. Karpf. Anne. ââ¬Å"Dairy Monsters. â⬠The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. 12 Dec. 2003. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. . Markoff. Steven C. ââ¬Å"Is Drinking Milk Healthy for Humans. â⬠ProCon. N. p. . 6 Aug. 2009. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. . Mercola. Joseph. Dr. ââ¬Å"Why You Shouldnââ¬â¢t Drink Pasteurized Milk. â⬠Huffington Post. HuffingtonPost. 3 June 2010. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-280914971909580412019-11-21T05:49:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:49:09.907-08:00Globalization commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsGlobalization commerce - Essay Example Communication across the globe is the main reason behind the expansion of market and commerce. Moreover, the advancements in the field of transportation have also modified the standards of globalized trade and commerce. The idea behind globalization of commerce is to maximize the opportunities for production and sales. Over the last few decades a lot of companies based in the developed countries have transferred their production units to under developed or less developed countries (Dunning 67-68). The reason behind expanding businesses across borders is to undermine the opportunities like new consumer base, access to raw materials, and cheaper labor. When foreign investors bring their capital to the under developed countries, it automatically improves the revenue generation of a country. Moreover it offers jobs that help in improving employment statistics of a country. Overall, the idea of globalization is a progressive one; however, there are some flaws that include exploitation of cheap labor, export of quality produce to foreign countries, inequality, and injustice. Over the years several laws have been made for improving the living standards of the labor, the fight for labor rights has yielded in strict government policies and wage threshold. However, these laws are only applicable in the developed countries, while people living in the under developed regions do not have these securities. Therefore foreign investors look for countries that do not follow these laws, and hence they extract maximum by spending minimum. Further, globalized commerce offers tough competition for the organizations as well as the country, though competition leads to improvement in quality and quantity, but it also eliminate the weaker competitors, which is obviously not good, if one considers the current unemployment statistics. To conclude one can say that globalization maximizes the scale of opportunities, but if it is not implemented properly there are several Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-67267337597099176192019-11-20T04:43:00.001-08:002019-11-20T04:43:03.420-08:00The Variability Of Sound Velocity Through Cycles Of Neap And Spring EssayThe Variability Of Sound Velocity Through Cycles Of Neap And Spring - Essay Example METHODS Because a variety of water conditions were used to obtain data for the study, it was possible to obtain a wide range of results. The study was an oceanographic survey, which was conducted during the spring and neap phase of the tidal cycle at the Dart and Tamar estuaries. This offered a thorough observation of water column through a period of low water and high water. The table below shows the details of the project: Location 1: River Tamar is found in southwestern England, and forms the border between Devon (to the east) and Plymouth city (to the west). Before entering Plymouth Sound, River Tamar at its mouth, flows into the Hamoaze where it joins with River Lynher. The source of River Tamar is less than four miles (6 km) from the north Cornish coast, and it drains southward. Having a tidal length of thirty-two kilometres from its seaward end, the Tamar estuary is a partially mixed, mesotidal estuary. For about fifty miles, the River Tamar flows south to the English Channel, coursing its way through steep wooded country in its middle reaches. This location was used to collect data profiles during spring tides on December 07, 2005, between the time range of 09:40am to 16:00pm, and during neap tides on December 11, 2005 between the time ranges of 08:00am to 14:10pm. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-70368870158119722642019-11-17T17:13:00.001-08:002019-11-17T17:13:04.510-08:00A Multimedia Thesis Project Essay Example for Free A Multimedia Thesis Project Essay During the 16th-17th century, when the Philippines was still under the control of Spain, the Jesuit Historian, Father Pedro Chirino, wrote in 1604 about the baptism of two deaf Filipino in Dulac, Leyte by Father Francisco De Otaco. Father Ramon De Prado, the vice-provincial priest taught these two deaf Filipinos and they were the first deaf Filipino who learned to use the Filipino Sign Language. The older Deaf, Raymundo shared his knowledge to five to ten deaf men during a mission. 300 years later, the first influence of American Sign Language came here in the Philippines thru Delight Rice, the hearing American teacher who established the School for the Deaf in 1907 in Manila (PDRC and PFD. 2004.) The school still exists today as the Philippines School for the Deaf (PSD) (HV 2474 F55 2005 Pt.1 from DLS-CSB). Filipino Sign Language is certainly natural and a unique visual language of the Deaf Filipinos. The grammar, structure and syntax or arrangements of the Filipino Sign Language (FSL) are equal or the same as in the spoken language. FSL has its Filipino Deaf culture and identity. However, Filipino Sign Language is not a written system. (Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc., Macky Calbay and Raphael Domingo) Sign languages communicate ideas through hands like spoken languages. However, sign languages do not need sounds and voice. It needs hands, face and other parts of the body to communicate in visual ways. The visual signs, helps the deaf to understand the message it conveys through the eyes. Signs must be clear in order to be understood in the eyes of the deaf, which the brain process, interprets and meanings comprehended. The basic parts of signs are hand shapes, location, movement, palm orientation and non-manual signals. Many people think of sign languages as a language of the hands but the research in linguistics revealed that sign language includes not only one or both hands, but also the different parts of the trunk, arms, neck, head and face. Hand shape, movement and number of hands used may be grouped together. A sign language follows many groups of rules. The parts of signs and their meanings, whole, signs, and the grammar of sentences are separate rules. Several words are put together to form a sentence, and the exchange of these sentence forms a dialogue. Examples of dialogue are conversations, stories, humor and poetry. When a sign is produced by itself, it may look different from when it is actually used in a conference. The important part of the sign language is the connection between two or more conversing people. Social factors are important in studying signs during the conference. It is because the sign language is not only for relaying messages but also for social interaction. The sign used for a word is influenced by oneââ¬â¢s emotions. For example, the word ââ¬Å"sorryâ⬠is signed in just one way, but when added with emotions, it could have different meanings. The signs are shown to the complexity of their grammatical function. In spoken languages, words act certainly according to their grammatical class.à In sign languages, signs may function differently depending on the sentence structure, and context of the conference. So, it is common for a single sign to shift functions as a noun, verb, or adjective in different sentences, conversations or contexts. Since sign languages are not written systems, the use of words came from a written language and the grammatical function of the sign must carefully avoid being perplexed. For example, a word for a sign that can be a noun in English, but the sign itself can function as a noun or adjective. In Grammar classes, there are the same kinds of grammatical groups are getting into sign language. In ASL, there are different classes of verbs that have been described. The verbs may include different kinds of information such as: where the action takes place, or who does the action (subject) and who receives the action (object). It can be same to some sign couples in FSL. Examples of these noun-verb/adjective couples in FSL are LOW-BATTERY, BATTERY-FULL. Sign languages are different from spoken languages or written. A sign may be used as a noun, adjective or verb that depends on the sentence. Sometimes, a single sign can already be similar a share of a sentence or even a whole sentence. For example, the single sign ââ¬Å"observeâ⬠may already mean, I observe her carefully. There are classifiers in the traditional signs appearing in FSL. These can be easy classifier hand shapes to understand classifier predicates. The classifiers observed in FSL also have classifier hand shapes and movement roots like those described in ASL and BSL. An example is the sign LRT/MRT. The classifier hand shape is the whole object type the hand shape looks like the rail transit car. The movement of the classifier is a process movement root. The LRT/MRT moves forward. The straightforward movement of the hand represents the forward action of the LRT/MRT. In Nouns, the signs included in a group have always been noted in a dialogue as nouns. The traditional signs included food, events, places, persons and various objects. It included also common and proper nouns. For example,à MANGO, ELECTRIC FAN, JOLLIBEE, HAPPY etc In Nouns/Verbs, the signs may switch in grammatical class that depends on the dialogue structure. The signs however, show to only have a single form unconcerned of their grammatical function. Most of them cannot be able to show always the movement repetitions strongly characteristic of noun-verbs pairs in American Sign Language. For example, AGREE, AGREEMENT, CONCLUSION/CONCLUDE etc In Nouns/Adjectives, the signs are noted to have nominal or adjectival functions. For example, BETTER, FAST, HOT, HAPPINESS, EXHAUSTED etc In Verbs/Adjectives, the signs are noted to be used as adjectival predicates. For example, CORRUPT/TO BE CORRUPT, PASSIVE/TO BE PASSIVE, SUFFER/BE IN SUFFERING etc In Lexicalized Finger spelled signs, the signs are aged which are more commonly noted among Deaf signers in their forties to sixties. Examples of Lexicalized Finger spelled signs are #AIRCORN, #TV etc In Lexicalized Initialized signs, the signs are from variant grammatical classes and used two or three decades. For example, ANYBODY, 13 PESO, GRADE VII etc In Structurally complex signs, the signs placed together since features of their structure are not as straightforward as the other signs shown so far. Signs included compound signs and agreement verbs. For example, HOW MUCH, DONT KNOW, HARDHEAD etc In Semantically complex signs, the signs groups included idioms, belonging to variants of ASL, possessive pronouns, negations, various phrases, and classifier predicates (signers perspective). For example, DESTROY FOOD, PLEASE, RUDE etc (IDIOM) FSL signs showed to be adverbs. The non-manual signal noted in FSL signs thatà moves of the tongue. The tongue of non-manual signs is same but their meaning is mixed-up, not clear or hard to understand. For example TEXT-GARBLED describes a text message that is hard to understand. In FSL, the pointing pronouns are noted in commonly using among Deaf Filipino signers which usually include the index finger. The signs use an open hand. They show ownership or possessions. The question is always used by FSL sign. The eye gaze is forward the person who asked the question. The first location of the hand is near the object being talked about. The last location of the hand, and its palm, faces the person being asked. One example of pronouns is the TOUCH-MINE. In space as time, the place where the signer stands represents the time now. The space in front of the signer shows the future and the space behind the signer shows the past. Signs related to time such as LATELY, NEXT DAY, LAST WEEK AGO, NOW are produced at different points of this timeline. One example of time is the TOMORROW-TOMORROW, LAST-TWO-YEARS etc In idioms, there are several signs that are called Deaf idioms in the book Love Signs. But, the need is more researching if the signs are all true idioms. It uses expressions unique to Deaf Filipino signers. For example, the sign ISTAMBAY of the literal meaning is a person who stands around for a long time. The figurative meaning can be a verb or adjective, describing a jobless person. A sentence is a group of words that completes ideas and can be followed by a period, question mark or exclamation point. There are two most important of English grammar; knowledge of writing and allows students to study the grammar of other languages completely. There are the most important elements of the sentence, the verb, subject, direct object, indirect object, complement, multiple-word modifiers, modifiers, clauses and phrases. Sometimes, many sentences have only a verb and a subject. It also includes the parts of speech; noun and articles, verbs and verbals, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions and conjunctions. A subject is the name of a person, animal, place, thing and event that the sentence about. For example, ââ¬Å"The house is a bigâ⬠. The house is the subject of the verb big, answering the question who or what big? Another example, ââ¬Å"The tiger eats the animalâ⬠. The tiger is the subject of the verb eats, answering the question who or what eats the animal; he tiger eats the animal. A verb is a word that describes an action. For example, ââ¬Å"The goat eats grassâ⬠. The verb eats describes the action performed by the subject goat. Another example, ââ¬Å"Deaf people walk on the streetâ⬠. The verb walk describes the action performed by the subject Deaf people. A direct object is the noun that receives the action. For example, ââ¬Å"Everyone ruins your precious thingsâ⬠. What is the action? ruins. What receives the action? precious things, it is the direct object of the verb ruins. Another example, ââ¬Å"Your friend got your ballpenâ⬠. What receives the action? ballpen. Ballpen is the direct object of the verb got. An indirect object is the noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. For example, ââ¬Å"The professor helps his studentââ¬â¢s educationâ⬠. The direct object of helps is education. His student is the indirect object. Another example, ââ¬Å"I give the laptop to youâ⬠. The direct object of give is laptop. You is the indirect object. Complement is the word or words that complete the meaning of verbs that express feeling, appearing, being, or seeming. Such verbs are classified as copulative or linking verbs. For example, ââ¬Å"I am feeling sickâ⬠. The verb feeling does not describe action, but does describe a state of being. Feeling links the subject I with sick is the complement of feeling. Another example, ââ¬Å"His family seems worried of youâ⬠. The copulative verb seems links his family and worried, the complement of seems. Modifiers may be a single word or groups of words, make the identity that describes a verb, subject, direct object, indirect object, complements orà other modifier. For example, ââ¬Å"My brother eats quickly his dinnerâ⬠. The verb eats is made more precise is modified by quickly his dinner. Another example, ââ¬Å"They lost my new laptopâ⬠. The direct object laptop is modified by my new. Multiple-word modifiers are included of phrases or clauses. A phrase is a logical grouping of words that does not contain a subject verb, while a clause is a logical grouping of words that does contain a subject and verb. For example, ââ¬Å"My sister who was the only who love me goes to my graduationâ⬠. In this sentence, the clause who was the only who love me modifies my sister; the phrases to my graduation modifies goes. The first multiple word modifiers have both subject who and verb love. For this reason, the modifier is a clause. To my graduation has neither subject nor verb, so it is a phrase. A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb. It may also include an object or complement, an indirect object and modifiers. If it makes a complete idea and can stand alone as a sentence, it is called an independent clause. On the other hand, if it cannot stand alone as a sentence, it is called a subordinate or dependent clause. For example, ââ¬Å"My family and I eat our lunch together and then we go to the mallâ⬠. This sentence consists of two independent clauses. Each clause has its own subject and verb: My family and I eat, we go. Either clause can stand as a complete sentence. Each makes a statement that does not depend on the other. The conjunction here is and, which is classified as a coordinating conjunction. Other coordinating conjunctions are but, for, so, or, nor and yet. A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not include a subject and a verb. It has many forms and functions. It is useful to learn and recognize phrases and to identify their functions as modifiers, subjects, complements and objects. For example, ââ¬Å"His hobby was playing basketballâ⬠. The phrase playing basketball functions as the complement of was, a copulative verb. Playing is also a gerund. Another example, ââ¬Å"My classmates want to finish their project earlyâ⬠. The phrase to finish their projectà early is the object of want. Notice that to finish is an infinitive, which is one of the three types of verbals. In Grammar classes, there are classifiers in a spoken language as nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs. It includes pronouns and prepositions that have a more limited meaning. They can display relationships between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In spoken languages, a word cannot be able to change its meaning. For example, if a word is a noun, it is always used as a noun. It does not develop into a verb, adjective, or adverb. In a spoken language, an idiom is a group of words with a unique meaning. It has two meanings, its literal and figurative meanings. The literal meaning is the independent meaning of the words, put together as a group, while the figurative meaning is the new meaning of the whole group of words. The new figurative meaning may not be related at all to the literal meaning of the words. Problem The Deaf students of the School of Deaf Education in Applied and Studies, De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde has a problem on English grammar because they do not know how to use the structure of the English language. They also believe that the sign languages structure is the same or similar to the written English. As a result, it is hard for them to communicate with the hearing people through writing. Solution Through the creation of websites that utilizes flash player to describe the structures of FSL and Written English which can be arranged in such a way that the visual animation highlights the difference between the FSL and the written English structures. This way, it will be more meaningful and can be easily understood, remembered and applied by the deaf and as well as theà hearing students in communicating with each other. Furthermore, the students can understand the differences in using FSL structure and English written rules. Description of the Project Objectives â⬠¢ To encourage the deaf students to understand the structural difference between the Filipino Sign Language (FSL) and the written English. â⬠¢ To help Deaf students know how to translate FSL to written English by conceptualization, and Hearing students to translate written English to FSL by conceptualization. â⬠¢ To promote and encourage the hearing people to understand the structures of sign language (FSL) and use it to communicate with the deaf. â⬠¢ To assist the Deaf people how to communicate with the hearing people through written English. â⬠¢ To create the flash website visually that can help hearing and deaf people to understand easily the structures of FSL and Written English. Target Audience â⬠¢ Deaf and hearing people â⬠¢ College students Medium Websites that uses flash player. Adobe Photoshop is a graphic editing program that makes easily website whichà it can support website. ( (I CANââ¬â¢T UNDERSTAND THIS KUYA!!!!) Video or Adobe Premiere is a technology of recording that supports website to make deaf and hearing people easily understandable. Pre-Production Process Project Step 1: Brainstorming to choose good topics related to Deaf issues Step 2: Choose three best topics pertaining to Deaf issues Step 3: Submit to my instructor the topics pertaining to Deaf issues Step 4: Consultation with my instructor to explain to me how to write the document Step 4: Share the topics to my classmates to help me select the best topic Step 5: Consultation with my Coordinator for editing my topic Step 6: Ask my English and FSL coordinators their opinion and to suggest what is the best topic to be written Step 7: Approval of the chosen topic by my CG coordinator Step 8: Research on the books related to my selected topic Step 9: Consult with my English and FSL coordinator Step 10: Writing paper (context) Step 11: Review and edit the paper Step 12: Draft sample design that is related to my topic Step 13: Print the paper Step 14: Final presentation Conclusion Therefore, this paper can be the seed to help both the deaf and hearing people understand the difference in structures of FSL and written English in an easy manner. For Deaf people, this paper will help them how to translate FSL to written English. Likewise, it will help the hearing people on translating written English to FSL. Furthermore, it will also help the hearing and deaf people to communicate with each other easily. The creation of websites utilizing flash player as visual aids highlighting the difference between the FSL and the written English structures will assist both the deaf and hearing people in communicating among themselves and with each other. It will also enhance the communication skills of the individuals; provide greater opportunities in understanding the world of the silent people, knowledge, cooperation and collaboration for the greater and common good of the society. References Tiongson, Peripi A., Hermosisima, Jun, Domingo, Raphael and Bustos, Marie Therese A. (ED.) (2004). AN INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE: Part l. Understanding Structure | Easy to read version |. [pp. 1-160] Filipino: Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc. TRADITIONAL SIGNS. (2004), AN INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE: Part ll: Traditional and Emerging Signs [pp.1-154] Philippines: Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc. Estiller-Corpuz, Marites Racquel [ED.]. Filipino Sign Language; A complication of signs from regions of the Philippines, Filipino: Philippine Federation of the Deaf. Ehrlich, Eugene (2000, 1991, 1976). SCHAUMS OUTLINES: English Grammar, American: McGraw-Hill companies, Inc. Annex Initial design (Website) Gantt Chart Daily TR Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-100209896946816129.post-61920471142052048432019-11-15T05:44:00.001-08:002019-11-15T05:44:08.029-08:00The Concept of Charismatic Leadership theoryThe Concept of Charismatic Leadership theory The study of leadership has been important to humans since the dawn of civilisation, the concept of leadership; leader and follower were represented in Egyptian hieroglyphics written 5,000 years ago. Between 400 and 300BC the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle wrote about leadership and the requirements, characteristics, and education of leaders (Paul, et al. 2002). Leadership is central to the human condition (Wren, 1995) and has found to be important to all societies, although specific patterns of behaviour vary overtime and across cultures (Bass, 1990). Leadership theories have evolved in the last century to the point where they began to be the basis for models that accurately describe the activities of leaders with good correlation to their success in some situations (Antonakis House, 2002), (Yukl, 2006a). Meindl (1990) leadership can best be understood as a perception that plays a key role in peoples efforts to make sense of organisational phenomena. According to his view, organisational systems, activities, and events are hard to comprehend because they are ambiguous and complex. Nevertheless, organisational members and observers have a need to make sense of their environment to preserve an illusion of understanding and control. Because leadership provides a convenient and plausible explanation for important, but causally ambiguous outcomes, it is overused as an explanatory category. Essentially, attributers romanticise leadership as a causal determinant of organisational processes and performance. In a sense, supervisory theories of leadership are about leadership in organisations. Strategic theories of leadership are concerned with leadership of organisations, see (Hunt, 1991) and are marked by a concern for the evolution of the organisation as a whole, including its changing aims and capabilities (Selznick, 1984). Strategic leadership focuses on the people who have overall responsibility for the organisation and includes not only the titular head of the organisation but also members of what is referred to as the top management team or dominant coalition (Cyert March, 1963). As (Mintzberg, 1989) argues, strategy can be understood as a pattern, that is, consistency in behaviour over time. In the strategy process, there may be intentions that are fully realised as well as fully unrealised strategies. In addition, the strategy may emerge. 2.1 General Leadership Theories 2.1.1 Phases of leadership theories The earliest modern literature on leadership appeared in the nineteenth century. This earliest generation of leadership research was set out from the assertion that the emergence of leaders must be connected with certain inherited endowments. There was even a book named Hereditary Genius (Galton, 1970). A comprehensive review of leadership research, published in handbook form, was produced by (Stogdill, 1974). In this handbook, he provided evidence that leadership traits vary not only from situation to situation, but also from time to time. Only a few components remain comparatively consistent over time. Subsequent editions of this handbook were revised by Bass, who is Stogdills successor (Stogdill Bass, 1981) and (Bass, 1990a). In the later edition Bass drew further evidence from later research and identified traits which were steadily relevant to leadership effectiveness. These included activity level, task competence, interpersonal competence, authoritarianism, power orientation and Machiavellianism, value, needs, well-being, accorded status and esteem, and charisma. (Locke et al. 1991) produced a similar list. Since then, the pace of development has mounted as the need for its application intensified following the development of society especially in business management after World War II. In terms of classifying this evolution, a widely accepted view was suggested by (Hunt, 1999a). According to his argument, this evolution can be divided into three generations; namely: trait theory, situational-contingency theory and transformational leadership theory In all it was later accepted that the trait approach failed to prove that there was a set of gifted traits, which made people become leaders. Researchers then mostly turned to the new assumption that leadership can be taught and learned under a proper set of principles according to (Lee Thomas, 2007). Bass also added an extra chapter to the handbook, and this was dedicated to charismatic and inspirational leadership style. Charismatic leadership is actually one of the most important areas in leadership theory since it has the longest acknowledgement in the literature and actually spans across all the three generations of leadership studies. (Weber, 1924, 1947 1968) was the first to mention the concept of charisma. He saw charisma as a special kind of leadership trait that can lead organisations to get through periods of crisis successfully. Since the mid-1970s, research interest in charismatic leadership was shifted from Webers view of crisis rescuer to an emphasis on those leaders who could effect extraordinary influence continuously. It was found that charismatic leaders could usually improve organisational performance through their own behaviour and that this could have a powerful effect on the morale of their followers. This kind of leadership is referred to by the situational-contingency school of researchers as charismatic leadership e.g. (Adair, 1973), (Kets de Vries, 1984) and (Conger Kanungo, 1987a), transformational leadership e.g. (Burns, 1978a) and (Bass, 1985a), inspirational leadership e.g. (Yuki Van Fleet, 1982) or visionary leadership e.g. (Bennis Nanus, 1985a) and (Sashkin, 1988a). Later, researchers in the generation of transformational leadership also classified it as change management (Bass, 1990b). The first author to differentiate between charismatic and inspirational leadership was (Downton, 19 73). He pointed out that the followers endorsement of charismatic leaders is based on blind faith in the leaders, whereas the endorsement of inspirational leaders is based on the rationale that the followers believe and share the leaders vision and strategy. 3.1 The Concept of Charismatic Leadership (up to 1992) and how it fits in to the general leadership theories 3.1.1 Theoretical background of charismatic leadership The term charisma, whose initial meaning is a gift in Greek, has been frequently used in politics and religion to adduce legitimacy to power. (Weber, 1968) defined it as an individuals personality quality (or at least, specifically exceptional powers or qualities) by virtue of which he/she is set apart from ordinary people and which thus legitimises his/her exercise of influence. (House, 1977a) developed a theory of charismatic leadership which is among the first attempts to build a comprehensive theoretical basis for studying the topic. Leadership theory, alternatively referred to as charismatic, transformational, visionary, or inspirational, has emerged in the organisational literatures of (House, 1977b), (Burns, 1978b), (Bass, 1985b), (Bennis Nanus, 1985b), (Tichy Devanna, 1986), (Boal Bryson, 1988), Conger Kanungo, 1987b), (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987), (Sashkin, 1988b). Relating to this new genre of leadership theory, such leaders transform the needs, values, preferences and aspira tions of followers from self-interest to collective interests. Further, they cause followers to become highly committed to the leaders mission, to make significant personal sacrifices in the interest of the mission, and perform above and beyond the call of duty. Theories of charismatic leadership highlighted such effects as emotional attachment to the leader on the part of the followers; emotional and motivational arousal of the followers; enhancement of follower valences with respect to the mission articulated by the leader; follower self-esteem, trust, and confidence in the leader; follower values; and follower intrinsic motivation according to (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993a). The integration of charismatic leadership theory with the upper echelons perspective in an attempt to better understand the leadership role of chief executive officers (CEOs) was reviewed by (Waldman, Javidan Varella, 2004). They proposed that emerging charismatic leadership theory and research may provide new possibilities for the upper echelons perspective. In the past, leadership theory has been seen as the domain of organisational behaviour and micro-oriented perspectives. (House, 1999) organisational behaviourists are generally more psychologically oriented and define charisma as one of the following: a relationship between an individual (leader) and others (followers) based on deeply held shared ideological (as opposed to material) values; an individual who accomplishes unusual feats through the efforts of followers who are exceptionally loyal to the leader, have a high degree of trust in the leader, and are willing to make personal sacrifices in the interest of the leaders vision and the collective led by the leader; a complex set of personal characteristics and/or behaviours of an individual that leads to the above outcomes. The specific traits and behaviours are defined somewhat differently among the organisational behaviourists theories. Organisational behaviourists have used all three of the above definitions, none of which are incompatible with the others. Charismatic leadership is assumed to have three core components: envisioning, empathy, and empowerment according to Conger (2006), increasing attention has been directed during the past several decades toward charismatic leadership. Charisma represents a potentially key construct relevant to strategic leadership (Pawar Eastman, 1997). Apparently, a recent theoretical perspective has begun to link charisma to strategic leadership. For example (Finkelstain Hambrick, 1996) acknowledged that charismatic leadership could affect firm performance in one of several ways. First, the values of such leaders could influence strategic choices through their impact on their field of vision, their perception and interpretation of information, and their strategic decision making. Furthermore, the day-to-day actions and behaviours on the part of charismatic chief executive officers could also affect organisational functioning and performance. Unfortunately, in their view, they did not make potential linkages between charisma and performance especially clear and, indeed, devoted little attention to such linkages in their consideration of strategic leadership. Conger Kanungo (1992) developed a model that focuses on several behavioural dimensions of charismatic leadership within organisations. According to the model, charismatic leadership is an attribution based on followers perceptions of their leaders behaviour. The leaders observed behaviour is interpreted by followers as expressions of charisma in the same sense as a leaders behaviours reflect that individuals participative, people and task orientations. Charismatic leaders differ from other leaders by their ability to formulate and articulate an inspirational vision and by behaviours and actions that foster an impression that they and their mission are extraordinary. As such, individuals choose to follow such leaders in management settings not only because of formal authority but out of perceptions of extraordinariness. Thus any measurement of charismatic leadership must be based on followers perceptions of the specific behavioural attributes of the leader that engender such outcomes . The Conger-Kanungo model proposed several distinguishing behavioural components in three distinct stages of the leadership process. A number of different behaviours may lead to perceptions of charisma (Bass Avolio, 1993), (Conger Kanungo, 1987c) and (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993b). Following earlier experimental research by (Yorges, Weiss Strickland, 1999), they demonstrated that a leader making personal sacrifices to achieve the collective vision rather than personally benefiting from his or her action was perceived as more charismatic. The more recent psychological and organisational behaviour literature has dealt with these variables rather extensively, arguing that charismatic leaders strongly appeal to the values and self-concepts of followers by articulating radical solutions to their problems (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993c). 4.1 Development of Charismatic Leadership (post 1992) In the past decade, the bulk of leadership research has focused on transformational and charismatic leadership (Judge Piccolo, 2004). In sharp contrast to the rational nature of the transactional leadership paradigm of the 1960s and 1970s (Bass, 1990e), transformational and charismatic leadership theories (Bass, 1985c), (Burns, 1978c), (Conger Kanungo, 1998a) and (House, 1977c) recognised the affective and emotional needs and responses of followers performance, placing more emphasis on the emotional, inspirational, and symbolic aspects of leadership influence (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993d) and (Conger Kanungo, 1998b). Attempts to integrate the multiple theories of transformational and charismatic leadership reveal many commonalities, including leader vision and a charismatic communication style (House Shamir, 1993) and (Kirkpatrick Locke, 1996). Newer frameworks that can be applied to leadership theory include meso-level paradigms that attempt to provide an integration of micro and macro organisational behaviour (House et al. 1995) and (Hunt Dodge, 2001). Concurrent with the development of meso-level paradigms, the field of leadership has witnessed an infusion of theory dealing with charismatic and inspirational leadership. 4.1.1 Realisation of Vision content and organisational performance Drawing from the communication literatures, (Holladay Coombs, 1993 and 1994) invoked the concepts of message content and delivery to explain the two-step process whereby charismatic leaders initially craft and then articulate an idealised vision. An idealised vision is generally considered to be a prerequisite for a leader to become transformational or charismatic e.g. (Bass, 1988). Once formulated, the vision must be articulated to mobilise followers to pursue it. Studies in the past decade have identified six behaviours exhibited more frequently by charismatic leaders than by non-charismatic leaders. These include: vision and articulation; sensitivity to member needs; environmental sensitivity; unconventional behaviour; taking personal risks; and not maintaining the status quo as defined by the Conger-Kanungo scale (Conger Kanungo, 1994a). Envisioning involves creating an overall picture of a desired future state with which people can identify and which can generate excitement. In addition to formulating a vision, they are adept at communicating the vision and infusing day-to-day work with a larger sense of purpose and greater intrinsic appeal (Conger, 1989a). Most charismatic leaders, therefore, are known as persuasive speakers. They often rely on various rhetorical techniques such as metaphors, analogy, and stories to inculcate key ideas into the followers minds, so that their message would have a profound impact on followers (Conger, 1989b). (Awamleh Gardner, 1999) suggested an agenda for research to clarify. In particular, the joint effects of vision content, delivery, organisational performance cues, and generalised leadership beliefs on perceived charisma and leader effectiveness warrant empirical attention. Accordingly, in their study they projected three key objectives: to explore the combined effects of vision content and delivery on perceptions of leader charisma and effectiveness; to investigate the relative effects of performance outcomes on these perceptions; and to examine the effects of generalised beliefs about leadership (i.e., romance of leadership disposition) on leadership perceptions. To put the results in perspective, they reconsidered (Lord Mahers, 1993) definition of leadership as the process of being perceived by others as a leader. Accordingly, when people use prototypes to infer leadership, strong delivery of an idealised and well articulated vision will lead to perceptions of charisma and leader effectiveness. These perceptions, in turn, provide the leader with an attentive audience of followers who will be highly receptive to the leaders influence attempts. On the other hand, when followers use organisational outcomes to assess leadership qualities, high performance appears to similarly enhance the leaders image of charisma and effectiveness. Importantly, such perceptions will in turn provide the leader with greater leverage in influencing others. Their point is that the recognition and inferential models are not mutually exclusive. To maximise their influence potential, leaders must provide a strongly articulated and idealised vision, and successfully at tain high performance outcomes. 4.1.2 Charismatic leadership and followers outcomes (Conger, 1999a) over the last decade and a half, highlighted that the topic areas of charismatic and transformational leadership in organisational settings have undergone a significant evolution in terms of both theory development and empirical investigations. Both the greatest amount of theory development as well as empirical research on charismatic and transformational leadership has been in the area of leader behaviours and, to a lesser extent, on follower effects. This was due largely to the backgrounds of the most active researchers, almost all of whom have had a strong behavioural orientation. While there have been a number of individuals studying either transformational or charismatic leaders e.g. (Bennis Nanus, 1985c) and (Kouzes Posner, 1987).Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z., 1987. . The leadership challenge Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Three principal leadership processes are involved (Bass, 1985d)Bass, B.M., 1985. . Leadership and performance beyond expectations Free Press, New York. in achieving such outcomes: these leaders heighten followers awareness about the importance and value of designated goals and the means to achieve them; they induce followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the collective and its goals; and they stimulate and meet their followers higher order needs through the leadership process and the mission. Bass was the first organisational scholar to operationalise the transformational leadership model into a measurement instrument. As a result, more studies employ his scale than any of the other models proposed to date. As such, today four behavioural components make up the dimensions of transformational leadership: charisma or idealised influence; inspiration; intellectual stimulation; and individualised consideration. In contrast to the other theories, charisma is a separate component and is defined in terms of both the leaders behaviour (such as role modeling) and the followers reactions (such as trust, respect, and admiration for the leaders ability) (Conger, 1999b). (Bono LLies, 2006) suggested that positive emotions play a role in the charismatic leadership process in an extensive literature linking positive affect to the same outcomes achieved by charismatic leaders (e.g., cooperation, task performance, motivation, creativity). Their aim was to examine the effects of leaders positive emotional expressions on follower mood and perceptions. They discovered that charismatic leaders express more positive emotions than do less charismatic leaders and that leaders positive emotional expressions have a direct effect on follower mood. Furthermore, they argued that both leaders emotional expressions and follower mood had independent effects on perceptions of leadership effectiveness and attraction to a leader. First, (Isen, 2004) has demonstrated that positive change is associated with task performance, particularly on creative tasks, though these effects are not universal, as (George Zhou, 2002) demonstrated that under certain conditions positive mood was negatively associated with creativity. Other studies linked group affective tone (i.e., positive group mood) to group effort and coordination (Sy, Cote Saavedra, 2005), improved cooperation and decreased conflict among group members (Barsade, 2002), and subjective assessments of performance (Totterdel, 2000) and (Fredericksons, 2003) broadened-and-built theory posits that positive emotions broaden the relationship between thought and action, leading to increased novelty and exploration of ideas on the part of employees who experience them. (Rousseau, 1998) suggested the possibility that high-quality relationships may develop even when only a few well specified and important resources are exchanged, such as hard work for high pay. In the recent work of (Cicero Pierro, 2007a), they reviewed that leadership and work outcomes are associated to social identification processes, referring both to recent developments of charismatic leadership models and to the recent developments of the social identity analysis applied to the workplace, e.g. (Abrams Hogg, 2001). Two field surveys were conducted using 200 Italian public and private sector employees (two different working organisations). Two questionnaires were designed in order to collect data. They included different measures of charismatic leadership derived by the literature e.g. the Conger-Kanungo Charismatic Leadership Questionnaire; (Conger Kanungo, 1994b and 1998), for Study 2), a scale to assess the degree of identification with the work-group (Van, K.D., Van, S.E.C.M., 2000) and some scales to measure the different outcomes considered e.g., (Brown and Leighs effort measure, 1996) and (Mobleys turnover intention measure, 1977). As they predicted, results o f Study 1 revealed that charismatic leadership was positively related to work-group identification, and employees work effort was positively related to work-group identification. Work-group identification also mediates relationship between charismatic leadership and work effort. Results of Study 2 replicated the positive association between charismatic leadership and employees work-group identification; work-group identification is also associated with their job involvement, job satisfaction, performance, and turnover intention. (Cicero Pierro, 2007b) admitted that their research has some limitations. The first one to note was that a causality relation cannot be inferred due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, although it was one of the most-used methods in applied and field psychological research. They suggested that future investigations, then, should adopt an experimental or longitudinal design. A second one was represented by the fact that the criteria variables had been assessed by paper-and-pencil self-report measures, which may reflect participants perceptions rather than objective realities. However, some of the analysed variables (e.g., work-group identification, turnover intention, job involvement, etc. pertain exclusively to individuals perceptions and feelings, so only a few of these measures (for instance leadership style and performance) should be assessed through actual behaviours and more objective measures in order to substantiate the results obtained. They concluded that their resul ts enlarged the knowledge of the dynamic that may affect work outcomes and underline the tangible relevance of social identification processes and, in particular, the relevance of employees identification with the work-group to the organisation life. 4.1.3 Concept between Instrumental, transformational and transactional leadership Research on leadership started with a concern for identification of leadership traits, so that this might be used to as a basis for management selection and training. When the relationship of such traits to organisation effectiveness proved weak, researchers sought to emphasise specific leadership behaviours, starting with participative management, and the later behavioural research on social/task and instrumental leadership behaviours, revealed the complexity of leadership and showed the futility of simple answers according to (Vasu, Stewart Garson, 1998). Current notions of leadership in particular, transformational leadership perspectives see (Hunt, 1999b), (Lowe Gardner, 2000) fail to address the strategic and task-oriented developmental functions of leaders (referred to as instrumental leadership by (Antonakis House, 2002), see also (Yukl, 1999). Theoretically, these instrumental leader functions are essential for ensuring sustainable organizational and follower performance. Instrumental leadership is not included in transformational leadership theories (e.g., the full-range leadership theory of (Avolio, 1999), (Avolio Bass, 1991), (Bass, 1985e), (Bass Avolio, 1994, 1997), an omission that might limit: the extent to which the full-range theory is able to predict effective leader functioning and our understanding of the contexts in which different types of leadership are important. (Antonakis House, 2004) defined instrumental leadership as a class of leader behaviours concerning the enactment of leader expert knowledge toward the fulfillment of organisational-level and follower task performance, see also (Nadler Tushman, 1990). Instrumental leadership is distinct from transformational (i.e., ideals, inspirationally based, etc.) and transactional (i.e., exchange-based) leadership and encompasses two subclasses of leader behaviours. Each of these subclasses, in turn, consists of two factors: strategic leadership leaders actions centered on environmental scanning strategy formulation and follower work facilitation leaders actions focused on facilitating follower performance. On the other hand, transformational leadership is associated with strong personal identification with the leader, the creation of a shared vision of the future, and a relationship between leaders and followers based on far more than just the simple exchange of rewards for compliance. The ability of the leader to articulate an attractive vision of a possible future is a core element of transformational leadership (Hartog Verburg, 1997). Transformational leadership goes beyond the cost-benefit exchange of transactional leadership by motivating and inspiring followers to perform beyond expectations (Bass, 1985f). As (Hater Bass, 1988) pointed out, contrasting transactional and transformational leadership does not mean the models are unrelated. Burns (1978d) thought of the two types of leadership as being at opposite ends of a continuum. However, here we follow (Bass, 1985g) who viewed transformational and transactional leadership as separate dimensions. This viewpoint implies that leaders could show both transactional and transformational behaviours. Bass argues that transformational leadership builds on transactional leadership but not vice versa. Thus, high-quality relationships have more in common with a transformational kind of relationship than with a purely transactional one (Gerstner Day, 1997). 5.0 Conclusions Each of the theories under consideration has evolved over time by different intellectuals and is still being studied and used today to explain modes of leader behaviour (Harris, Harris Eplion, 2007), (Yukl, 2006b), (Sagie Koslowski, 1994). Each of the theories considers both the leaders effect on followers and the interaction between leader and follower. According to (Summary Report of Accomplishments: 2003à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã 2008) reported that one measure of a journals influence on a field is Impact Factor and Citation Data. To calculate the impact factor, Thomson Scientific records the number of citations in a particular year to articles published in the two previous years, divided by the number of articles in the same previous years. For The Leadership Quarterly, the Impact Factors (and ranking within the categories of Management and Psychology, Applied) for the last 5 years as reported by its publisher, Elsevier, is illustrated in Appendix 1. Another measure of journal impact is the number of full text downloads between 2003 and 2008. The number of downloads for The Leadership Quarterly increased as summarised is shown in Appendix 2. The summary of the Impact Factor, it shows there has been a substantial increase in this index between 2003 and 2007 is shown in Appendix 3. I disagree with (Houses, 1992) article that charismatic leadership was a new genre of leadership theory. For the fact that in the past and the present, several publication have shown significant contribution by scholars in the study and practice of charismatic leadership. Researchers have played a key role in shaping and nurturing the fields of leadership and management to generate new knowledge and insights into leadership theories. Appendices Appendix 1. Year Impact Factor Management Rank Psychology Rank 2007 1.763 20/81 12/57 2006 1.720 16/78 12/54 2005 1.750 9/71 7/49 2004 1.769 10/67 6/50 2003 1.315 20/67 13/49 Appendix 2. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 *Jan-Jun 83,528 125,417 162,583 213,027 260,948 185,627 Appendix 3. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 .511 .333 .778 .456 1.338 Source: ISI Web of Knowledge. Wolterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15146971406485847303noreply@blogger.com0